Consider the relationship between patriarchy, powerlessness and crime. When
lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure, they try to build
their self-image through acts of machismo; such acts may involve:
a. self-mutilation
b. violent abuse of women
c. drug use
d. the use of weapons
Jails in sixteenth century Europe were used to house those awaiting trial and
punishment. Why were jails not used to house sentenced offenders?
a. Because at that time offenders were transported to the New World.
b. Because at that time punishment consisted of making monetary or service restitution
to victims.
c. Because at that time punishment was achieved by fines, exile, corporal punishment,
or death.
d. Because at that time convicted offenders were sentenced into the military.
According to the equal justice model, punishment must be equitably administered and
based on what people deserve for their crimes. This concept is known as:
a. just deserts
b. discretion
c. procedural fairness
d. equal protection under law
The equal justice model calls for:
a. indeterminate sentences
b. mandatory sentences
c. treatment and rehabilitation
d. peacemaking, not punishment
Why are the elderly especially susceptible to fraud schemes?
a. The elderly are not especially susceptible; teens and young adults are as likely to fall
victim to fraud schemes.
b. Because the elderly generally live alone, are lonely, and possess financial resources
that make them attractive targets.
c. Because the elderly often suffer from dementia and other forms of diminished mental
capacity that make them attractive targets.
d. The elderly are not especially susceptible to fraud schemes because relatives or legal
guardians typically control their finances.
“Crackdowns” are sudden changes in police activity designed to lower crime rates
through an increase in the communicated threat or actual certainty of punishment. How
effective are crackdowns?
a. Crackdowns are effective when coupled with problem-solving and community-
improvement techniques.
b. Crackdowns can reduce the incidence of drug dealing but only if media attention is
focused on the effort.
c. Crackdowns initially deter crime but the effect soon wears off after the high intensity
police activity ends.
d. Crackdowns are effective when coupled with problem-solving and community-
improvement techniques; crackdowns initially deter crime but the effect soon wears off
after the high intensity police activity ends.
Policies that convince potential criminals to desist from criminal activities, delay their
actions, or avoid a particular target are known as:
a. situational crime prevention
b. crime displacement
c. crime discouragers
d. situational displacement
Cohesion among neighborhood residents (community cohesion) combined with shared
expectations for informal social control of public space promotes:
a. siege mentality
b. gentrification
c. collective efficacy
d. incivility
After the famous Minneapolis domestic violence study, other studies and analyses have
been conducted. What do these studies indicate regarding the deterrent effect of arrest
for domestic abusers?
a. These studies indicate arrest was not a greater deterrence than warning or advising
the assailant.
b. These studies indicate that arrest escalates violence in subsequent incidents of abuse.
c. These studies indicate a strong positive effect for arrest.
d. These studies were inconclusive.
The fact that some people’s activities and behaviors increase their risk of victimization
by increasing their potential to become “opportunities” for criminal offenders is the
basis of what theory?
a. victim precipitation theory
b. lifestyle theory
c. routine activities theory
d. deviant place theory
Which of the following statements is false regarding sentencing guidelines?
a. Guidelines eliminate discretionary parole.
b. Guidelines allow inmates to reduce their sentence by acquiring time off for good
behavior.
c. Guidelines eliminate judicial discretion to reduce racial and gender disparity.
d. Guidelines are mandatory.
Agnew’s General Strain Theory indicates that criminality is the direct result of
_________ that come in the wake of destructive social relationships.
a. inadequate social controls
b. reactions formations
c. negative affective states
d. blocked social means
_________________________ is defined as the intentional or negligent discharge of a
toxic or contaminating substance into the biosystem that is known to have an adverse
effect on the natural environment or life.
a. Criminal environmental pollution
b. Illegal dumping
c. Biocentric degradation
d. Environmental discharge
Which of the following statements best reflects cybercrime?
a. As information technology evolves cyber criminals are increasingly replacing
non-cyber offenders.
b. Innovation brings change and with it new opportunities to commit crime.
c. Despite the rapid evolution of cyber crime the justice system has managed to keep
pace.
d. Cyber criminals have likely reached the height of innovation in terms of discovering
new methods to commit crime via information technology.
The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to ____, who researched the life
cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s.
a. Marvin Wolfgang
b. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
c. Rolf Loeber
d. Sampson and Laub
The theory of specific deterrence suggests that the harsher the punishment, the less
likely the chances of recidivism. Is this so?
a. The majority of offenders are not deterred and reoffend.
b. The majority of offenders are deterred and do not reoffend.
c. This is so but only for first time juvenile offenders.
d. This is so but only for first time adult offenders.
Compliance strategies are often viewed as ‘slaps on the wrists.” In their place,
deterrence strategies have become the normative approach to controlling white-collar
offenders. Why is the tide turning from compliance to deterrence?
a. due to the crushing caseloads of compliance agencies such as the Food and Drug
Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency
b. due to the increased number of prisons structured to house non-violent offenders
c. due to public displeasure and a growing awareness of the damage caused by
white-collar criminals
d. due to pressure aimed at political officials from lobbyists and labor unions
The interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of
society is known as:
a. stigmatization
b. socialization
c. drift
d. amplification
What theory, developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi considers the criminal offender and
the criminal act as separate concepts?
a. human nature theory
b. age-graded theory
c. interactional theory
d. general theory of crime
The first terrorist activities were committed by members of minority religious groups
who engaged in violence to accomplish all but which of the following?
a. Gain the right to practice their own form of religion.
b. Establish the supremacy of their own religion over others.
c. Meet the requirements of the blood-thirsty gods they worshipped.
d. Promote subservience to governmental entities.
Using illegal tactics to make profits in the marketplace is known as:
a. entrepreneurship
b. enterprise crime
c. venture enterprise
d. illegitimate enterprise
The perspective that views crime as the reflection of the preferences and opinions of
people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction is:
a. the consensus view
b. the conflict view
c. the interactionist view
d. the Marxist view
The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate
for them with a drive for superiority is:
a. inferiority complex
b. power-control complex
c. ego complex
d. neuroticism
The American Dream refers to what theory?
a. focal concern theory
b. institutional anomie
c. culture conflict theory
d. general strain theory
The intent to commit the criminal act is known as:
a. mens rea
b. actus reus
c. mala in se
d. mala prohibitum
Among the arguments against the use of torture, which is inaccurate?
a. There is little empirical evidence suggesting that torture provides any real benefits,
but much more that suggests it creates serious problems.
b. The use of torture can damage civil rights and democratic institutions.
c. There is a danger that such state-sponsored violence would become calculated and
premeditated.
d. The use of torture may cause the general public to sympathize with those who must
engage in such behavior to gain information and knowledge to thwart evil intentions.
Today, more than ___ of criminal convictions are estimated to result from the
negotiated process of plea bargaining.
a. 60 percent
b. 70 percent
c. 80 percent
d. 90 percent
One consequence of labeling is the concept of _____________, which brings about a
reassessment of one’s self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgments made by
others, such as parents.
a. reflected assessments
b. reflected appraisals
c. reflected reactions
d. reflected associations
What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?
a. The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months.
b. Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the
time the child reaches adulthood.
c. The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may be
long-term, lasting long after the incident is over and the justice process has been
forgotten.
d. Children are resilient and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of
victimization, is short-term.
According to this motivational view, terrorists have been raised to hate their opponents
and learn at an early age that they have been victimized by some oppressor.
a. socialization view
b. alienation view
c. psychological view
d. ideological view
This type of terrorist group uses violence to frighten those in power with the aim of
replacing the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or
religious views.
a. nationalist terrorists
b. political terrorists
c. revolutionary terrorists
d. retributive terrorists
Congress has treated computer-related crime as a distinct federal offense since the
passage of the Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Law in what
year?
a. 1974
b. 1984
c. 1996
d. 1998
Under this view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal
justice system to advance their economic and social positions. Criminal laws are viewed
as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.
a. conflict
b. consensus
c. interactionist
d. common
What is not a common phishing scam?
a. Account verification scams where the victim is directed to a bogus website by
clicking the legitimate-looking address.
b. The Nigerian 419 scam where an alleged representative of a foreign government
asking the victim to help move money from one account to another.
c. Free credit report through Experian, TransUnion and Equifax.
d. An e-mail is received about a free gift or prize that requires the victim to send their
credit card info to take care of shipping and handling.
Prostitutes known as circuit travelers move around in groups of two or three to lumber,
labor, and agricultural camps.
Define robbery and then discuss how a professional robber differs from an opportunist
robber. Which type of robbery is more common and why?
_____________________ requires the killer to have malice aforethought but not
premeditation or deliberation.
Unlike lower species, humans lack an inhibition against fatal violence toward their own
species and are capable of killing their own kind in war or as a result of interpersonal
conflict.
Discuss Lemert’s concept of primary and secondary deviance. Why does secondary
deviance transform one’s identity whereas primary deviance does not?
Identify and define the different perspectives of green collar crime.
Advocates of the ___________ traced generations of crime-prone families and posited
that criminal tendencies were based on genetics.
The USA Patriot Act constrains all four traditional tools of surveillance ” wiretaps,
search warrants, pen/trap orders, and subpoenas.
The majority of murders involve firearms, and most of these weapons are __________.
Why do proponents of the nonintervention model view rehabilitation and due process
with suspicion? What do advocates of the nonintervention model advocate?
Within the multi-tiered court structures of most states, _____________ courts review
the criminal procedures of trial courts to determine whether the offenders were treated
fairly.
What is the basic premise of behavioral theory and how is aggression modeled?
Discuss the cycles of community change and how they impact collective efficacy.
According to Sykes and Matza, _____________________ are used by delinquent youth
to neutralize moral constraints so they may drift into criminal acts.
What are “turning points in crime” and how do they contribute to the desistance of
criminal behavior or aging-out?