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Official crime data indicate that minority group members are involved in a
disproportionate share of criminal activity. Which of the following does not explain
race-based differences in the crime rate?
a. Social control efforts of the police and courts
b. The history of racial discrimination in the US
c. Disparity in the social and economic structure of society
d. Individuals in the US without documentation
Routine activities theory and the lifestyle approach have a number of similarities, and
both predict that people increase their victimization risk. Which factors does not
increase one's victimization risk?
a. live in high-crime areas
b. carry valuables
c. engage in risky behaviors, such as drink and use drugs
d. live in areas with a large number of immigrants
Theft through the illegal reproduction and distribution of movies, software, games, and
music, is estimated to cost U.S. industries __________ worldwide each year.
a. $20 billion
b. $5 billion
c. $519 million
d. $500 million
The first stage of the trial process involves:
a. jury selection
b. negotiating a plea bargain
c. charging the jury
d. setting bail
According to Von Hirsch's view on "just deserts," why is punishment based on
deterrence or incapacitation wrong?
a. Because punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation does not allow for the
possibility of rehabilitation.
b. Because punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation is only used within the
adult criminal justice system. Thus, it ignores juvenile offenders.
c. Because punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation involves an offender's
future actions.
d. Von Hirsch did not view punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation as wrong.
According to Freud, the instinctual drive that produces self-destruction expressed
externally as violence or internally as suicide or alcoholism, is termed:
a. eros
b. thanatos
c. hostility
d. aggression
One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing:
a. the degree of stigma with the degree of reintegration
b. the rehabilitation of the offender with the offender's symbolic punishment
c. the concept of justice with the concept of deterrence
d. the needs of offenders with those of their victims
The view that becoming a criminal is a learning process in which potential delinquents
master skills that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift back and
forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior is known as:
a. social reaction theory
b. differential association theory
c. differential reinforcement theory
d. neutralization theory
Not all instances of computer theft and fraud fall under common-law statues because
the property stolen:
a. may be difficult to recover
b. may be intangible
c. may be difficult to identify
d. may be shipped overseas
Crime reduction programs may produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits then
dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions. This phenomenon is known as:
a. correction
b. extinction
c. latent effect
d. extinction
A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and
an excess of impulsivity is known as:
a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
b. oppositional defiance disorder
c. impulse dysfunctional disorder
d. conduct disorder
The social disorganization concepts of Shaw and McKay were developed over 75 years
ago. Which of their findings are still applicable today?
a. Crime rates are sensitive to the destructive social forces operating in lower-class
urban neighborhoods.
b. Crime is a constant feature in poverty areas regardless of racial and/or ethnic
makeup.
c. Neighborhood disintegration and the corresponding erosion of social control are the
primary causes of criminal behavior.
d. Environmental factors are limited in their explanatory power, as such individual
factors, such as personal inferiority, are much more informative.
When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is
known as:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
____________ terrorism promotes the interests of a minority ethnic or religious groups,
such as the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), that believes it has been
persecuted under majority rule and wishes to carve out its own independent homeland.
a. retributive
b. cult
c. nationalist
d. state-sponsored
When an identity thief creates false e-mails and/or websites that look legitimate but are
designed to gain illegal access to a victim's personal information, it is called:
a. spamming
b. phishing
c. mousetrapping
d. warez
Usually respectable persons who do not conceive of themselves as thieves, but are
systematic shoplifters who steal merchandise for their own use are called:
a. boosters
b. professional criminals
c. burglars
d. snitches
A burglar who has technical competence, maintains personal integrity, specializes in
burglary, has financial success, and has the ability to avoid prison sentences is known
as:
a. a good burglar
b. an occupational burglar
c. a high-end burglar
d. a commercial burglar
What is not one of the losses experienced by prison inmates?
a. loss of liberty and access to goods and services
b. loss of heterosexual relationships
c. loss of autonomy and security
d. loss of access to proper medical care
The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve
to be punished is known as:
a. specific deterrence
b. just desert
c. revenge
d. retribution
When pornography websites send consumers to other sites involuntarily it is known in
the industry as:
a. tripping
b. mousetrapping
c. slagging
d. ping-ponging
Date rape, statutory rape, and marital rape are subcategories of:
a. familial sexual assault
b. acquaintance rape
c. intrafamilial sexual assault
d. serial rape
The relationship between class and crime is an important one for criminological theory.
The weight of recent evidence seems to suggest that serious, official crime is more
prevalent:
a. among the lower class
b. among the upper class
c. among the middle class
d. across both the middle and lower class
When comparing self-report surveys to the UCR and NCVS,
a. there is less crime occurring than reported
b. the measures demonstrate a similar amount of crime occurring
c. the crime problem is greater than UCR and NCVS report
d. there is a reduction in self-reported crime, but an increase in reported crimes
What is a cohort?
a. a group of people who share a like characteristic
b. a group of people who have been identified as offenders
c. a group of people who have been identified as "aging out"
d. a group of people who share the same living environment
In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at
home and the workplace?
a. matriarchal
b. patriarchal
c. paternalistic
d. egalitarian
Differential association has a number of important findings. What finding is false?
a. Crime appears to be intergenerational
b. The more deviant one's social network and network of affiliations, the more likely
one will engage in antisocial behavior.
c. The influence of deviant friends is not supportive of delinquency.
d. Differential association is multi-cultural.
Crime rates may be higher:
a. on the first day of the month
b. on the fifteenth day of the month
c. at the end of the month
d. crime is consistent throughout the month
The crime that requires offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a
victim is:
a. battery
b. assault
c. road rage
d. aggravated assault
Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices
could be controlled by:
a. fear of punishment
b. improving economic conditions
c. selective incapacitation
d. situational crime prevention
A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is known as a:
a. snitch
b. booster
c. cannon
d. fence
Life course theories are considered _________________ because they incorporate
social, personal, and developmental factors into complex explanations of human
behavior.
a. social psychological theories
b. integrated theories
c. interdisciplinary theories
d sociobiological theories
A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established
early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a(n):
a. life-factor
b. hidden characteristic
c. underlying feature
d. latent trait
According to the social learning view of drug abuse, parental drug abuse begins to have
a damaging effect on children as young as ___ years old.
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
Social process theories view criminality as a function of people's interactions with
various organizations, institutions, and processes in society. Thus, improper
socialization is a key component of crime.
Longitudinal studies indicate that drug abusers are maladjusted, alienated, and
emotionally distressed and that drug use is only one among a number of many social
problems. This causal explanation of substance abuse is termed
___________________.
Deviant behavior is behavior that departs from social norms.
Some researches feel it is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect evidenced in
twin research is actually the effect of sibling influence pertaining to criminality and
referred to as the:
a. twin effect
b. contagion effect
c. proximity effect
d. immediacy effect
Criminal justice explains the etiology, extent, and nature of crime in society.
Discuss the history and at least five functions of jails.
Compare and contrast at least three arguments regarding the legalization of drugs.
In some third world dictatorships, electoral fraud is the norm and it is common for the
ruling party to announce that, after party members counted the votes, that they were
returned to office with an overwhelming majority.
The changing social climate during the Ronald Reagan era ushered in the due process
model focusing upon individual rights.
The ________ controls sympathetic feelings toward others and are affected by
androgens, which can result in emotional volatility.
Common law originated in early England where royal judges would use local rules and
custom to decide cases.
Briefly compare and contrast life course and latent trait theories.
According to ______________________, crime is among a group of social problems
faced by at-risk youth.
Governmental funding of research influences the direction of criminological inquiry
because such funding sources often dictate ________ to study.
Discuss Merton's version of strain theory and its social adaptations.
The rules governing day-to-day living conditions within a culture, group, or political
structure are termed _______________.
