Advocates of the crime control model do not believe the overriding purpose of the
justice system is to:
a. protect the public
b. deter criminal behavior
c. incapacitate known criminals
d. ensure individualized justice
One of the most important findings from cohort studies is the concept of persistence or
the continuity of crime. Who is most likely to persist in a criminal career?
a. juveniles who committed a single serious offense at an early age
b. juveniles who started their delinquent careers early and who committed serious
violent crime during adolescence
c. adolescents arrested between the ages of 15 and 17 who committed a single serious
offense
d. adolescents, regardless of age, who served time in a juvenile detention facility
What theory can be used to explain the collapse of Enron?
a. rationalization view
b. low self-control
c. corporate culture theory
d. neutralization view
The view that proposes placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years in
order to lessen their opportunity to commit crime is known as:
a. preventative incapacitation
b. specific incapacitation
c. opportunity reduction effect
d. incapacitation effect
According to the rehabilitation model, dealing effectively with crime requires:
a. attacking its root causes
b. more punitive sentencing
c. decriminalization of nonserious offenses
d. appropriate levels of funding from the federal government
General deterrence theory holds that threat of punishment should deter lawbreakers
through fear. Which statement is inaccurate as to why some offenders are not deterred?
a. Some offenders cannot think rationally due to mental illness or substance abuse.
b. Some offenders perceive no other options for success other than engaging in crime.
c. Some offenders are immune to deterrent effects because the lure of criminal profit
(greed) outweighs their fears.
d. Chronic offenders are impulsive, but consider the legal consequences of their actions
so as to decrease the likelihood of apprehension.
A frequently administered personality test which has been used to distinguish deviants
from nondeviant groups is the:
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
b. Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
c. California Personality Inventory
d. Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
Police and other law enforcement agents are termed the gatekeepers of society because:
a. Gatekeepers was a historic term associated with the London Metropolitan Police.
b. Police initiate contact with law violators.
c. Police provide security in American society.
d. Gatekeeping involves opening and closing a flow; thus, police discretion controls the
gates of the justice system.
Outwardly respectable adults who are frequent users of drugs may be successful college
graduates who became caught up in the club scene in major cities and get involved in
recreational drug use. Surveys indicate that ___ percent of urban young adults report
usage of at least one club drug.
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
Election fraud is ___________________ the process of an election.
a. violent disruption of
b. premeditated obstruction of
c. illegal interference with
d. intentional tampering with
The view that both biological and psychological traits influence the crime-non-crime
choice is known as:
a. human nature theory
b. age-graded theory
c. interactional theory
d. control-balance theory
Intermediate sanctions are a viable solution to prison overcrowding. Who are the most
likely candidates for intermediate sanctions?
a. first-time felony offenders with no prior criminal history
b. offenders with a low risk of recidivating or who pose little threat to society
c. mentally ill offenders who would not benefit from incapacitation
d. non-violent juvenile offenders
While few in number, female murderers are most likely to kill?
a. a coworker
b. a family member
c. a stranger
d. a friend of similar social standing
Obtaining sexual pleasure from spying on a stranger while he or she disrobes or
engages in sexual behavior with another is known as:
a. transvestite fetishism
b. frotteurism
c. asphyxiophilia
d. voyeurism
Tricking others into harassing or threatening a victim by impersonating the victim on
Internet bulletin boards and/or chat rooms is a type of:
a. federal offense
b. cyber terrorism
c. cyber stalking
d. e-tailing
Gottfredson and Hirschi identify people who lack self-control as tending to be:
a. sensitive
b. aggressive
c. irrationnel
d. impulsive
Critical criminologists rarely use standard social science methodologies to test their
views because:
a. these traditional approaches are antihuman and insensitive
b. these traditional approaches rely only upon quantitative data
c. these traditional approaches are not accepted by those who hold power
d. all of these
What is not true about intermediate sentences?
a. They are alternatives to prison.
b. They meet the need for fair, equitable, and proportional punishments.
c. Sanctions include fines, home confinement, and restitution.
d. They are a viable reason for prison overcrowding.
Today technology allows this crime to be executed differently than in the past. However
it remains the most common method of swindling money out of an innocent victim.
a. the cannon drop
b. the pretense drop
c. the false drop
d. the pigeon drop
What do immediate impact studies indicate about capital punishment’s deterrent effect
on murder?
a. Impact studies indicated that the overall impact of executions might actually increase
the incidence of homicide
b. Impact studies indicated that a deterrent effect does not exist even though the death
penalty is being used more often over the past decade.
c. Impact studies were inconclusive regarding capital punishment’s deterrent effect on
murder.
d. Impact studies indicated a deterrent effect but only for expressive forms of murder.
The pathway to crime that begins with minor, underhanded behavior that leads to
property damage is known as:
a. the power pathway
b. the authority conflict pathway
c. the overt pathway
d. the covert pathway
Life events that alter the development of a criminal career are known as:
a. developmental shifts
b. transition events
c. key spots
d. turning points
One example of health care fraud involves billing for more expensive services or
procedures than were actually provided or performed. This practice is termed
______________and requires “inflation” of the patient’s diagnosis code to a more
serious condition consistent with the false procedure code.
a. ladder coding
b. trade coding
c. upcoding
d. step coding
The principle that criminal techniques are learned is part of:
a. labeling theory
b. differential reinforcement theory
c. social reaction theory
d. differential association theory
Which is not an argument supportive of the death penalty?
a. The Bible describes methods of executing criminals.
b. The death penalty seems to be in keeping with the current mode of dispensing
punishment.
c. Support for capital punishment among whites is skewed by racial attitudes.
d. The death penalty is sometimes the only real threat available to deter crime.
Critical criminologists devote their attention to a number of important themes and
concepts. What theme is not inclusive of critical criminology?
a. the use and misuse of power
b. critiquing the field of criminology
c. the association with deviant peers to crime rates
d. assessing the threat competitive capitalism presents to the working class
What statement is false about what is known pertaining to supermax prison facilities?
a. Long hours of isolation in supermax prisons may be associated with mental illness
and psychological disturbances.
b. Supermax inmates seem to have a more difficult tie readjusting upon release.
c. A stay in a supermax prison inhibits reintegration into other prisons.
d. The intense control staff have over inmates helps with staff-inmate relationships.
Which theorist believed that society is divided into have and have-not groups and penal
law penal law serves the will of the ruling class.: those who possess authority and those
who lack authority?
a. Willem Bonger
b. Ralf Dahrendorf
c. George Vold
d. Karl Marx
Poverty-ridden neighborhoods which suffer high rates of population turnover and are
incapable of inducing residents to remain are known as:
a. concentric neighborhoods
b. gated neighborhoods
c. transitional neighborhoods
d. at-risk neighborhoods
Situational crime prevention is not without its problems. When crime reduction
programs re-direct offenders to alternative targets, it is termed:
a. temporary deterrence
b. crime displacement
c. crime shifting
d. temporary displacement
Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in
life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts ________.
a. the cycle of violence
b. later poor parenting ability
c. one’s age of desistance
d. later and more serious criminality
Which of the following is not a component of the corrections system?
a. Probation
b. Prison
c. Parole
d. Prosecution
______________ are associated with those living in poverty who engage in
disproportionate amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage,
frustration, and anger against society.
a. instrumental crimes
b. expressive crimes
c. index crimes
d. strict-liability crimes
Cybervandalism is motivated more by profit than a cyber criminals urge to seek
revenge.
A turning point in the development of organized gangs occurred on when the
Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified prohibiting the sale
manufacture, and transportation of intoxicating liquor.
Terrorist organizations are beginning to understand the power that cyber crime can
inflict on their enemies even though, ironically, they may come from a region where the
Internet is not widely used.
Internet securities fraud involves using the Internet to intentionally manipulate the
securities marketplace for profit.
Advocates of the equal justice model are concerned with unfairness in the criminal
justice system, such as racism and discrimination, which causes sentencing disparity
and unequal treatment before the law.
__________________ refers to the use of the Internet, e-mail, or other electronic
communication devices to pursue, harass, or threaten another person.
Discuss the policy-based initiatives that have been developed using the premises of
developmental theory. What elements or aspects of development theory do these
initiatives address?
Sutherland believed criminality to be a function of a ______________ process that
could affect any individual in any culture.
___________________ protect women from being questioned about their sexual
history unless it directly bears on the case.
Deterrence strategies should work and have worked in controlling white-collar crime
because white-collar crime, by its nature, is a rational act.
Manslaughter requires the elements of malice aforethought, premeditation, and
deliberation.
Structural theorists aim to demystify, or unmask the true purpose, of law and justice.
________________________ are maximum control units that are either independent
correctional centers or locked wings of existing prisons.
Boosters or _______________ are professional shoplifters who steal with the intention
of reselling stolen merchandise to pawnshops or fences.
The theory of _________________ holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful
that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts.