The ________________________ has jurisdiction over federal laws, such as espionage,
sabotage, treason, civil rights violations, kidnapping, and interstate transportation of
stolen vehicles and property
Discouragement occurs when crime reduction programs may boomerang and increase
rather than decrease the potentiality for crime.
Illegal wildlife traders can be independent one person operations that sell a single item
to complex multi-ton, commercial-sized consignments shipped all over the world.
Life experiences resulting from encounters with formal social control mechanisms, such
as police and other authority figures, limit criminal behavior opportunities. Sampson
and Laub’s age-graded theory refers to such experiences as “turning points in crime.”
The view that crime is a matter of rational choice is held by a number of criminologists
who believe that the decision to violate any law is made for a variety of personal
reasons including greed, revenge, need, anger, lust, jealousy, thrill-seeking, or vanity.
Trait theories can be divided into two major sub-divisions: one that
stresses psychological functioning and the other that stresses biological make-up.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.
Discuss the use of experiments in criminology/criminal justice research. What are the
elements of a true experiment? How do criminologists overcome missing elements?
What is the feasbility of experimental research in the field?
Explain how fraud, traditional larceny, and embezzlement differ. Provide one example
of each type of crime in order to demonstrate the differences.
Cult terrorists find modern society too complex to understand, they engage in
doomsday drills, and may stockpile weapons as a last resort when the hostile world
starts closing in and the leader’s authority is threatened.
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), about 21 million
criminal victimizations occur each year.
What percentage of shoplifters are professionals who derive the majority of their
income from shoplifting?
a. 10
b. 15
c. 20
d. 35
According to the problem behavior syndrome view of substance abuse, _________ use
has been linked to sexual abuse as children and social isolation as adults.
a. marijuana
b. heroin
c. amphetamine
d. crack cocaine
In the 1930s, Sutherland first used the phrase “white-collar crime” to describe the
criminal activities of:
a. the rich and powerful
b. the proletariat
c. the mafia
d. business people
The relationships that exist among the people producing goods and services are known
as:
a. productive forces
b. productive relations
c. productive handicaps
d. productive facilitators
Chronic offenders have become a central focus of crime control policy. Sentencing
policies, such as “three strikes” legislation are designed to incapacitate chronic
offenders for long periods of time without hope of probation or parole. Why is this?
a. Longer sentences allow for extended treatment within correctional institutions.
b. Crime data indicate an increased number of chronic offenders in the population.
c. Research indicates chronic offenders will desist from committing future crimes if
incarcerated for longer periods of time.
d. Most chronic offenders repeat their criminal acts after their correctional release.
A classic attempt to measure police patrol effectiveness was the Kansas City study.
What did this study indicate about the effectiveness of police patrol?
a. that proactive patrol reduced crime
b. that variations in patrol had little effect on crime patterns
c. that reactive patrol reduced crime but only in residential areas
d. that citizens’ attitudes toward police became more favorable as patrol increased
If a defendant is convicted, the judge normally orders a presentence investigation
conducted by the _____________ preparatory to imposing a sentence.
a. prosecuting attorney
b. probation department
c. defense attorney
d. court bailiff
The phrase “the ecology of crime” refers to such factors as:
a. gender and age
b. social class and economics
c. race and ethnicity
d. season and climate
________________________ is an example of a right-wing political group, while
_______________________ is a left-wing political group.
a. Ku Klux Klan; Aryan Nation
b. Black Panther Party; The Weathermen
c. Aryan Nation; Black Panther Party
d. The Weathermen; Ku Klux Klan
Which state does not have a law enforcement agency on the state level?
a. Hawaii
b. Idaho
c. Utah
d. Maine
The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated
person dominated by events that occurred:
a. during one’s adolescent years
b. during the process of socialization
c. during the phallic stage
d. during early childhood
A socially disorganized area is one in which the ________________ have broken down
and can no longer carry out their expected or stated functions.
a. institutions of social control
b. institutions of social service
c. institutions of local government
d. institutions of education and religion
When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either
threatens or encourages the attacker it is known as:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
_____________________________ give the convicted criminal a set number of years
to be served in prison and reflect an orientation toward desert, deterrence, and equality.
a. indeterminate sentences
b. determinate sentences
c. mandatory sentences
d. concurrent sentences
Official arrest records indicate that African Americans are arrested at a higher rate than
members of other racial groups. Self-report data:
a. exhibit the same finding
b. show no difference between arrest rates of African Americans and other racial groups
c. indicate no difference between arrest rates but only if considering female arrests
d. suggest arrest rate differences are an artifact of justice system bias
A condition that occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for
normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:
a. glycemic disorder
b. hypoglycemia
c. glycogen deficiency
d. glucose intolerance
The view that criminals evaluate their skills and needs prior to engaging in a crime is:
a. offense specific
b. offender specific
c. target specific
d. risk specific
_____ control the actions of the agencies of justice and define the rights of criminal
defendants.
a. Procedural laws
b. Substantive laws
c. Criminal laws
d. Civil laws
By denying the wrongfulness of an act, criminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior.
This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of victim
c. condemnation of the condemners
d. denial of injury
Which of the following is not supported by research on age-graded theory?
a. As levels of cumulative disadvantage increase, crime-resisting elements of social life
are impaired.
b. Criminal career trajectories are set from an early age and cannot be reversed.
c. Gaining social capital later in life helps erase some of the damage caused by its
absence in youth.
d. People change over the life course and factors that predict delinquency may have less
of an impact on adult crime.
People in the United States live in what type of society?
a. unified
b. integrated
c. incomporated
d. stratified
Which of the following is not typically covered by victim compensation programs?
a. replacement costs for stolen property
b. loss of wages
c. counseling expenses
d. medical expenses
Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the differences between the juvenile
justice system and the adult criminal justice system?
a. Juvenile proceedings are not considered criminal, but adult proceedings are.
b. Juveniles have no constitutional right to a jury trial, whereas adults have this right.
c. The nature of the offense determines jurisdiction in juvenile court.
d. Juvenile court procedures are generally informal and private. Those of adult courts
are more formal and are open to the public.
Although differences between the UCR and the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction
between the two has to do with:
a. The ability of the NCVS to identify crimes committed against those under the age of
twelve
b. The ability of the UCR to identify the social dimension of fear
c. The ability of the UCR to measure unreported crime
d. The ability of the NCVS to measure unreported crime
The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when
attempting to understand human nature is known as:
a. choice theory
b. biophobia
c. nature theory
d. nurture theory
Occasional property crimes occur when there is an opportunity or:
a. situational inducement
b. systematic inducement
c. enticing inducement
d. compelling inducement
A _______________ is a program that is secretly attached to a computer system,
monitors the network’s work output, and waits for a particular signal such as a date to
appear and then deletes or corrupts data.
a. virus
b. Trojan horse
c. logic bomb
d. worm
___________________ are the aristocrats of prostitution and many come from
middle-class backgrounds and service upper-class customers.
a. B-girls
b. Hookers
c. Call girls
d. Brothel prostitutes
Which of the following is not a condition to be a successful fence?
a. upfront cash
b. complicity with law enforcers
c. connections with buyers
d. limited knowledge of dealing
Which of the following is not an element of general strain theory?
a. achievement of positively valued goals
b. disjunction of expectations and achievements
c. removal of positively valued stimuli
d. presentation of negative stimuli
Industrial espionage does not involve:
a. spying on a commercial organization to determine the new direction of a product line
b. bribing employees to reveal trade secrets
c. recruiting agents and inserting them into a target company
d. giving enemies of the U.S. aid and comfort
According to________________, over the history of the human species, aggressive
males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.
The Monitoring the Future study is a type of _____________ and is considered one of
the national standards for measuring substance abuse and other crime trends among
American teens.
The study of brain activity is termed _____________. Some researchers believe
neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal
stage and that they control behavior throughout the life span.
_______________ is a booming business whereby men from wealthy nations engage in
sexual activities with trafficked individuals by traveling to destinations where women
and children are prostituted.
Hirschi offers that the social bond a person maintains with society is comprised of four
main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
_______________ were public meeting places that served as headquarters for gangs in
the 18th century.
Terrorists typically have an urban focus and operate in small bands or cadres.
Recent court rulings have broadened the scope of Miranda and have reduced police
leeway in their actions.
After the defense concludes its case, the government may present rebuttal evidence,
which is evidence that was not used when the prosecution initially presented its case.
Compare and contrast occasional criminals with professional criminals. Identify and
describe five differences.
Identify and discuss two U.S. federal agencies involved in white-collar crime
enforcement.
What are paraphilias? Identify and explain two crimes that fall under the category of
paraphilias.
Identify and explain the four competing views of what motives a terrorist.
________________ is any unlawful entry of a structure to commit theft or felony.
The Uniform Crime Report reports serious violent crimes and federal crimes.
Some cyber criminals are less motivated by profit than they are by the urge to commit
______________. Such criminals aim their malicious attacks at disrupting, defacing,
and destroying technology that they find offensive.
List, in chronological order, and explain the process of justice.
The sub-area of the sociology of law is concerned with the role social forces play in
shaping criminal law.