Fears that immigrants used their foreign ways to snare unsuspecting American girls into
prostitution prompted the passage of what federal legislation, which prohibited bringing
women into the country or transporting them across state lines for the purposes of
prostitution?
a. Mann Act
b. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
c. PROTECT Act
d. Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Which of the following causal explanations for rape reflects the evolutionary view?
a. The sexual urge corresponds to the unconscious need to preserve the species by
spreading one’s genes as widely as possible.
b. Rape is a legitimate response if one’s sexual advances are rebuffed
c, Rape is a function of modern male socialization.
d. Infatuation and fixation with one’s self drives rapists to seek power and control over
those deemed inferior to themselves.
In many _________________, the fraudsters focus on attracting new money to make
promised payments to earlier-stage investors and to use for personal expenses, instead
of engaging in any legitimate investment activity.
a. front-running schemes
b. pilferages
c. bank frauds
d. Ponzi schemes
Each year, 2.5 million times, victims use guns for defensive purposes. What did Kleck’s
research indicate regarding the use of guns for defensive purposes?
a. Defensive gun use is associated with higher rates of victim injuries.
b. Defensive gun use rarely results in collateral injury and that potential victims should
be encouraged to fight back.
c. Defensive gun use is associated with crime hot spots.
d. Defensive gun use is associated with personal violent crime more than property
crime.
Programs and policies based on developmental theory typically feature __________
treatment efforts.
a. economic-related
b. singular-focused
c. faith-based
d. multi-systemic
Celebrity cases and their highly adversarial attorneys are a rarity in the justice system. A
more accurate reflection of the court process involves cooperation between judges,
prosecutors, and public defenders who work together to assure the flow of cases
through the court system. This cooperation is referred to as the:
a. court system cooperation
b. courtroom work group
c. courtroom flow process
d. adversarial assistance group
Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than
usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as:
a. accessible neighborhoods
b. permeable neighborhoods
c. arterial neighborhoods
d. open neighborhoods
Which theory states the relationship between law and capitalism is unidirectional?
a. critical feminist theory
b. instrumental critical theory
c. power-control theory
d. structural critical theory
Which of the following is not among the factors that precipitate workplace violence?
a. temporary, short-term worker unexpectedly laid-off
b. appearance of a cold and insensitive management style
c. poor service or perceived slights by clients
d. reported for sexual harassment
Which of the following is not true regarding the incidence of rape?
a. Population density influences the rape rate.
b. The rape rate has increased in the past decade.
c. The police make arrests in more than 50% of all reported rape offenses.
d. Rape is a warm-weather crime.
The Supreme Court has used case law to define the boundaries of the Miranda warning
since this landmark decision was handed down. Which is inaccurate pertaining to these
boundaries?
a. Suspects must be fully aware of all the possible outcomes of waiving their rights for
the Miranda warning to be considered properly given.
b. Admissible evidence can be obtained without a Miranda warning if the information
sought is needed to protect public safety.
c. At trial, the testimony of a witness is permissible even if her or his identity was
revealed by the defendant in violation of the Miranda rule.
d. Once a criminal suspect has invoked his or her Miranda rights, police officials cannot
reinitiate interrogation in the absence of counsel.
According to Zimring and Hawkins, what is the single most significant factor
separating the crime problem in the United States from the rest of the developed world?
a. lack of social opportunities
b. handguns and associated lethal violence
c. poverty
d. illegal immigrants
According to the instrumental view of critical criminology the poor may or may not
commit more crimes than the rich but:
a. their crimes are less visible
b. they are arrested and punished less often
c. their crimes are more serious in nature
d. they are arrested and punished more often
When speaking of white-collar enforcement, which of the following is an inaccurate
statement?
a. Enforcement is generally proactive.
b. Local agencies rarely have the funds necessary for efficient enforcement.
c. On the federal level, detection is primarily in the hands of administrative departments
and agencies.
d. Many local prosecutors do not consider white-collar crimes particularly serious
problems.
The fact that some arsonists are motivated by severe emotional turmoil, antisocial
behavior, and psychopathology, supports the claim that arson should be viewed as:
a. a social work problem
b. an intellectual problem
c. a mental health problem
d. a medical problem
What white-collar crime involves a contract or conspiracy designed to stifle
competition, create a monopoly, artificially maintain prices, or otherwise interfere with
free market competition?
a. restraint of commerce
b. restraint of trade
c. restraint of business
d. restraint of competition
Which of the following components is not an element of community-oriented policing?
a. identifying neighborhood problems
b. getting to know citizens
c. responding to calls for help
d. maintaining a police presence in the community
Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called:
a. lumpen proletariat
b. capitalist proletariat
c. capitalist bourgeoisie
d. lumpen bourgeoisie
Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because
the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic are
known as:
a. forms of instrumental violence
b. felony murders
c. subcultures of violence
d. hate crimes
Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life
experiences. Which of these is not a source of this behavior modeling process?
a. family interaction
b. religious affiliation
c. environmental experiences
d. mass media
Which of the following factors does not precipitate hate crimes?
a. stable economic conditions
b. racial stereotypes in the media
c. hate-filled discourse on talk shows
d. the use of racial “code language”
The _____________________ view advocates viewing green crime beyond current
laws to its impact on the damage occurring in third world nations that have insufficient
regulatory laws and whose environmental laws are being manipulated by corporations.
a. legalistic
b. environmental justice
c. biocentric
d. corporate deterrence
Which of the following is not more typical of early-onset girls than early-onset boys?
a. suicide
b. depression
c. substance abuse
d. relationship problems
The notion that some individuals may engage in crime due to the attraction of
“getting away with it” is known as:
a. risk theory
b. arousal theory
c. thrill-seeking theory
d. conduct disorder
Levin notes that some people are not committed to hate but drift in and out of active
bigotry. Levin called such people:
a. spectators
b. sympathizers
c. specialists
d. dabblers
This occurs when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in
surrounding areas and populations.
a. desistance
b. diffusion
c. discouragement
d. extinction
Cultural deviance theory focuses on which of the following factors?
a. development of subcultures as a result of disorganization and strain
b. blocked opportunities for achieving status
c. poverty and unemployment
d. socialization processes inherent in the truly disadvantaged
Research on the risk of sexual assault on college campuses found
a. College females are at a decreased risk of sexual victimization than women in the
general population
b. College females are at an increased risk of sexual victimization than women in the
general population
c. The use of alcohol and drugs did not impact the risk of victimization for females
d. Offenders were primarily strangers who accessed the students’ living quarters on
campus
Which of the following is not among the issues faced by those reentering society from
prison?
a. Being barred from work opportunities
b. Physical and mental health problems
c. Leaving prison with no savings or entitlement to unemployment benefits
d. Being welcome and able to secure subsidized public housing
Most important to advocates of the due process model is that:
a. riminals should be changed into law-abiding and productive members of society.
b. Society is protected and victims are compensated.
c. Treatment and rehabilitation should be used over punitive measures.
d. The civil rights of the accused should be protected at all costs.
When explaining retributive terrorism, it is believed that people who are willing to kill
or maim their fellow citizens are likely to be highly susceptible to unquestioning
submission to authority.
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime, explain how
impulsivity, poor-self control, and crime are associated.
In the 1970s, liberal feminist theory focused attention on the social and economic role
of women in society and its relationship to female crime rates.
Identify and discuss 3 types of prostitutes.
Discuss the two of the following causes of crime: rational choice view, the
neutralization view, the cultural view, and the self-control view of white-collar crime
causation.
When young offenders sometimes claim their unlawful acts were simply not their fault,
it is known as denial of responsibility.
The motivations behind political crimes may stem from ________ or ideological
sources.
__________________ are armed military bands, typically located in rural areas, that
attack military, police and government officials in an effort to destabilize the existing
government
According to Freud, the superego is the ________ aspect of one’s personality.
a. moral
b. reality
c. pleasure
d. guilt
Blue-collar employees may be involved in systematic theft of company property,
commonly called pilferage.
Explain Akers’ differential reinforcement theory and discuss how it is associated with,
or employs, concepts from Sutherland’s differential association.
The influence of labeling theory can be viewed in the development of diversion and
restitution programs
____________________ is violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent
rage, anger, or frustration.
Describe the relationship between socioeconomic structure and crime. If one is a
member of the lower class does it predispose that person to a life of crime according to
social structure theories?
The _____________________ analyzed the American justice system in detail and
helped usher in the era of treatment and rehabilitation.
The problem of controlling pornography centers on the definition of obscenity.
Distinguish between treason and espionage. Provide an example of each to demonstrate
your understanding of the nuances.
Most criminologists agree that crime peaks when a person reaches middle-age and
declines rapidly thereafter.
According to Cohen, the “delinquent boy” adopts a set of norms in direct opposition to
middle-class values.
What is social disorganization and how does social disorganization develop?