A relatively new form of prostitution that combines brothels with call girl rings is
known as:
a. a massage parlor
b. traveling skeezers
c. an aristocrat apartment
d. a call house
Evaluations of incarceration strategies reveal that their impact may be less than
expected. Which statement is false regarding why incarceration may not work?
a. The more prior incarceration experiences inmates have, the more likely they are to
recidivate and return to prison.
b. Most criminal offenses are committed by teens who are unlikely to be sent to prison
for a single felony conviction.
c. The associated expense will continue to overburden the prison system, especially as
the population ages.
d. As criminals are incarcerated, opportunities for replacements are minimized.
When a business owner burns his or her property, or hires someone to do it, to escape
financial problems is known as:
a. arson fraud
b. revenge arson
c. arson for profit
d. situational arson
Which of the following is considered to be the first state police force?
a. Connecticut State Police
b. Massachusetts Police
c. Pennsylvania State Police
d. Texas Rangers
Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate:
a. nutrition and health care
b. intelligence
c. child rearing practices
d. education
Police agencies can be found at the federal, state, and local levels. How many local
police departments exist at these levels?
a. about 10,000
b. about 13,000
c. about 16,000
d. about 18,000
The investigation of crimes occurs in a variety of ways. Which of the following is not a
practice of detectives to investigate criminals?
a. Familiarity of an offender’s modus operandi.
b. Work undercover and impersonate customers looking for illicit activities.
c. Victims or witnesses identify offenders by viewing mug shots or through a line-up.
d. Respond to the initial call for help.
In the past, U.S. courts exercised little control over the operations of criminal justice
agencies believing that their actions were not an area of judicial concern. This policy
was referred to as:
a. “eyes-off doctrine”
b. “nonintrusion doctrine”
c. “nonintervention doctrine”
d. “hands-off doctrine”
Laws that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it
directly bears on the case are called:
a. safeguard laws
b. immunity laws
c. exemption laws
d. shield laws
Which of the following would not motivate a defendant to plea bargain?
a. to reduce their sentences
b. to avoid detention and trial
c. to protect their accomplices
d. to minimize cooperation
The sub-area of criminology concerned with the role social forces play in shaping
criminal law and the role criminal law plays in shaping society is known as:
a. victimology
b. penology
c. criminal statistics
d. the sociology of law
When behavior is punished, this is referred to as:
a. direct conditioning
b. reconditioning
c. labeling
d. negative reinforcement
All but which of the following explanations might account for the variance between
male and female crime rates?
a. Females are socialized to be less aggressive than males.
b. Females are more likely to than males to respond to anger with feelings of
depression, anxiety, fear or shame.
c. Females are more likely than males to attempt to negotiate when faced with conflict.
d. Females are supervised less by their parents than males.
While the “emancipation of women” has had relatively little influence on female crime
rates, there has been an increase in the number of females arrested. According to
Steffensmeier’s research, what might account for this increase?
a. demands of the women’s movement to treat females equally
b. the greater willingness of police to arrest females
c. the dramatic increase in the number of women engaging in prostitution
d. a demographic bulge of females in the crime-prone age group
In follow-up research, Laub and Sampson found a number of different interventions to
reduce criminal activity. Which of the following is not one of them?
a. getting a job
b. remaining in one’s environment
c. joining the military
d. marriage
According to problem behavior syndrome, crime is a type of ________ problem rather
than the product of other social problems.
a. personality
b. psychological
c. emotional
d. social
Which of the following is not among the tasks performed by patrol officers?
a. Enhance public safety by maintaining a visible police presence
b. Promote public safety and crime prevention
c. Inhibit the movement of traffic and people
d. Maintain public order
Violence acts that vent rage, anger, or frustration are known as:
a. instrumental violence
b. expressive violence
c. rational violence
d. irrational violence
Most offenders’ antisocial behavior peaks during adolescence and then diminishes as
they mature to around the age of 18. These offenders are known as:
a. adolescent-limited
b. life-course persisters
c. adolescent-diminishers
d. social-persisters
The life of streetwalkers is very dangerous. Research indicates ___ percent of
streetwalkers experience violence.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
What is the most common motivation behind hate crime?
a. religious intolerance
b. racial bigotry
c. sexual orientation
d. bias against a disability
What percentage of students report that at least one violent crime, theft or other crime
occurred at their school?
a. 26%
b. 48%
c. 64%
d. 86%
Amateur criminals whose decisions to steal are spontaneous and whose acts are
unskilled, unplanned, and haphazard are known as:
a. professional criminals
b. situational criminals
c. snitches
d. occasional criminals
What do proponents of the nonintervention model advocate?
a. limiting decriminalization of nonserious offenses
b. limiting government intrusion into people’s lives
c. limiting diversion from formal court processes
d. limiting deinstitutionalization of nonserious offenders
According to the rational choice approach, law-violating behavior occurs when an
offender decides to commit the crime after considering what two types of factors?
a. experiential and exponential factors
b. personal and situational factors
c. background and guardian factors
d. physical and emotional factors
Information provided by a suspect that leads to the seizure of incriminating evidence is
permissible if the evidence would have been obtained anyway by other means or
sources. This is referred to as:
a. the public safety doctrine
b. the plain view doctrine
c. the Miranda evidence discovery rule
d. the inevitable discovery rule
Differential association theory suggests that crime is a/an ______ behavior
a. learned
b. chronic
c. group
d. isolated
The __________________ stay out of trouble in adolescence, until late in their teenage
years, and then become violent chronic persisters.
a. adolescent-limited
b. life course persistent
c. late bloomer
d. adolescent bloomers
Vendors who bundle subprime loans into large pools and sell them as securities, a
process known as securitization, are involved in a:
a. mortgage swindle
b. investment swindle
c. Ponzi scheme
d. foreclosure rescue scams
Which of the following is not a crime prevention strategy used today?
a. increasing the effort needed to commit crime
b. increasing the risks for committing crime
c. reducing the rewards for committing crime
d. reducing the shame for committing crime
Identify theft is a type of cyber crime that has grown at surprising rates over the past
few years. What statement is not true?
a. Identity theft can destroy a person’s life by manipulating credit records or stealing
from their bank accounts.
b. Opening new lines of credit is the most common goals of credit card thieves.
c. Some identity theft schemes are extremely elaborate.
d. Much is known about the extent of identity theft.
Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists:
a. Martin and Gordon
b. Winfree and Mays
c. Sutherland and Durkeim
d. McKay and Shaw
The____________________ model suggests that people commit crimes through no
fault of their own. Instead, criminals themselves are the victims of social injustice,
poverty, and racism; their acts are a response to a society that has betrayed them.
A division of markets involves a corporation requiring its customers who use one of its
services to use other services it offers.
The link between substance abuse and violence appears in three different formats. The
format or concept of ___________________ reflects the violent behavior that results
from gang conflict inherent in the drug trade.
Discuss the factors that comprise problem behavior syndrome (PBS) and the association
between PBS and crime.
Social structure theory combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to
explain how people living in deteriorated neighborhoods react to social isolation and
economic deprivation. Explain Cloward and Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory and
its relation to gangs.
How have the concepts of community-oriented policing and problem-oriented policing
changed the role of police?
The ____________________ phenomenon indicates that those who begin their
delinquent careers early and who commit serious violent crimes throughout adolescence
are the most likely to persist in crime as adults.
The psychological view of the cause of substance abuse have found that many addicts
exhibit psychopathic or sociopathic behavior characteristics, forming what is called an
addiction-prone personality.
_________________ are violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of
a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender
characteristic.
The covert pathway involves aggressive acts that escalate from annoying others and
bullying, to physical fighting, and later to violence.
Explain the fundamentals of Miranda v. Arizona, what happens if the Miranda warning
is not given, and the requirements needed if suspects waive this right.
In contrast to occasional thieves, _____________________ are criminals who make a
significant portion of their income from crime.
According to Agnew, criminality is the direct result of negative affective states that are
produced by a variety of sources of strain.
Symbolic reaction theory (labeling theory) is rooted in symbolic interaction theory.
Explain how symbolic interaction and interpretation, the result of labeling, may lead to
a criminal career.
According to deviant place theory, deviant places are defined as lightly populated,
residential neighborhoods with a disproportionate number of young males.
The widespread use of computers and the Internet has ushered in the age of IT in most
industrialized societies.
According to the ________________ of crime, society is a collection of diverse groups.
Groups able to assert their political power use the law and the criminal justice system to
advance their economic and social position.