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The premise that traits and characteristics have become ingrained and some of these
traits make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime is part of which theory?
a. neurophysiological theory
b. psychodynamic theory
c. evolutionary theory
d. personality theory
Deviant places are defined as being inclusive of all but which of the following factors?
a. poor neighborhoods
b. densely populated neighborhoods
c. highly transient neighborhoods
d. interracial neighborhoods
______________ suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated
lower-class areas are the key determinant of criminal behavior patterns.
a. Social process theories
b. Social structure theories
c. Social control theories
d. Social conflict theories
Social disorganization theory focuses on which of the following conditions in the urban
environment?
a. age and ethnic differences
b. inadequate social control and deteriorated housing
c. frustration and stress levels
d. unequal distribution of wealth and power
Cloward and Ohlin's theory of differential opportunity states that people in all strata of
society share the same success goals but those in the lower class have limited means
(opportunity) for achieving them. Because of differential opportunity, kids are likely to:
a. find menial jobs
b. seek role models
c. join gangs
d. feel shame
The availability of government and foundation research money has spurred
criminological inquiry and it has also influenced the _______ of research.
a. supervision
b. management
c. conducting
d. direction
Of the many components of the Department of Homeland Security, which does not fall
under its responsibilities?
a. Securing our nation's borders and transportation systems.
b. Reducing the loss of life and property and protecting institutions from all types of
hazards through an emergency management program.
c. Coordinating intelligence collection with the Border Patrol, Secret Service, and the
CIA.
d. Analyzing information from multiple available sources, including the CIA and FBI,
in order to assess the dangers facing the nation.
The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are:
a. religion and marriage
b. marriage and career
c. education and religion
d. marriage and education
Failure to act can be considered a crime under all but which of the following
circumstances?
a. if the parties are bound by relationship
b. if the state has a statue requiring that people give aid
c. if a contractual relationship exists
d. if an individual trusts another will act in their best interest
According to the U.S. Criminal Code, what is the penalty for a first-time offender who
allows Internet users to download music and other copyrighted material without paying
the artists and record producers their rightful royalties?
a. A fine of $25,000
b. A year in prison and a $10,000 fine
c. Five year prison term and a $250,000 fine
d. Five year incarceration term or a $500,000 fine
Which of the following is false regarding why women become prostitutes?
a. due to a long history of drug abuse
b. because they experienced physical and sexual abuse in childhood
c. due to a rational choice based upon economic need
d. because they derive sexual satisfaction from it
Which of the following is a primary aim of victim-offender reconciliation programs?
a. restitution agreements
b. reconciliation between the two parties
c. recovery of stolen property
d. restitution agreements and reconciliation between the two parties
Which perspective embraces the notion that, given the proper care and treatment,
criminals can be changed into productive, law-abiding citizens?
a. equal justice
b. crime control
c. rehabilitation
d. due process
This occurs when norm violations or crimes have very little influence on the actor and
can be quickly forgotten:
a. anomie
b. primary deviance
c. secondary deviance
d. stigma
The underlying purpose of indeterminate sentencing is to:
a. restrain the use of judicial discretion
b. to ensure that sentences are applied in a fair and equitable manner
c. promote truth-in-sentencing
d. individualize each sentence in the interests of rehabilitating the offender
Policy goals of advocates of the crime control model include:
a. limiting police discretion
b. increasing the size of police forces
c. protecting citizens' Miranda rights
d. reducing the use of the death penalty
The Supreme Court has placed limitations on the use of the death penalty. Which is not
a limit that has been set?
a. People who are mentally ill may not be executed.
b. People under the age of 18 may not be executed.
c. It is not permissible to punish rapists with death.
d. The use of lethal injection has been ruled unconstitutional
According to institutional anomie theory, the economy dominates all other social
institutions, such as family and school. What statement is false with regard to how the
economy undermines the other social institutions?
a. Performance in noneconomic functions and roles have been devalued.
b. The demands of the workplace take precedent over school and family.
c. Economic language, standards, and norms penetrate into noneconomic realms.
d. The unequal access to the means for obtaining the American Dream leads people to
commit crimes..
In the United States, what is the "court of last resort?"
a. a state's supreme court
b. the Executive Office of the President
c. the U.S. Supreme Court
d. the U.S. Attorney General's federal appeals court
Interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order in order to promote
their own personal set of moral values are known as:
a. social crusaders
b. decency crusaders
c. righteous crusaders
d. moral crusaders
What factor is not related to post-release recidivism?
a. Substance abuse or dependency
b. Being a chronic offender
c. A functional family
d. An anti-social personality
Several historic factors precipitated the current stringent U.S. drug laws. Which of the
following was not one of those factors?
a. religious creeds of the nineteenth century
b. moral crusaders in the nineteenth century who defined drug use as evil
c. medical literature that failed to designate drugs as harmful
d. prejudice against immigrant ethnic minorities
Which finding is false with regard to the studies of MZ and DZ twins?
a. There is a significantly higher risk for suicidal behavior among MZ twin pairs than
DZ twin pairs.
b. MZ twin pairs who suffer child abuse are more likely to engage in antisocial activity
more often than DZ twin pairs.
c. If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, the other was not and the effect was
seen in both types or twins.
d. MZ twins are closer than DZ twins in such crime relevant measures as level of
aggression and verbal skills.
The USA Patriot Act, enacted after the terrorist attacks of September 11th:
a. gave sweeping new powers to domestic law enforcement and international
intelligence agencies
b. provided funding for increased military presence in the Middle East
c. outraged the majority of American citizens who demanded its immediate repeal
d. failed to include provision to allow for the monitoring of cable-based records and
systems
A condition caused by repeat negative experiences, which may undermine life changes
and increase the risk of offending is known as:
a. turning point
b. cumulative disadvantage
c. persistence
d. social capital
One of the most widely used psychological tests that is designed to measure many
different personality traits, including psychopathic deviation, schizophrenia, and
hypomania is known as the:
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
b. Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
c. California Personality Inventory
d. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
What "industry" has been particularly vulnerable to denial of service attacks?
a. financial institutions
b. nuclear power plants
c. online gambling casinos
d. defense industry manufacturers
According to Sampson and Laub, what is false regarding the marriage factor and crime?
a. People who maintain successful marriages are more likely to mature out of crime.
b. Marriage destabilizes people.
c. The marriage benefit may be intergenerational.
d. Marriage reduces exposure to deviant peers, which in turn reduces the opportunity to
become involved in crime.
The due process model combines elements of liberal/positivist criminology with the
legal concept of:
a. probable cause
b. fundamental fairness
c. procedural fairness
d. innocent until proven guilty
Murder, rape and other crimes deemed inherently evil are also referred to as
_________________ crimes.
a. mens rea
b. actus reus
c. mala in se
d. mala prohibitum
One method of controlling white-collar crime is through the use of compliance
strategies. Which of the following is not how compliance strategies work?
a. Compliance strategies aim for law conformity without the necessity of detecting,
processing, or penalizing individual violators.
b. Compliance strategies do not require cooperation and self-policing from businesses.
c. Compliance strategies provide economic incentives for obeying the law.
d. Compliance strategies depend on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties
to control corporate violators.
A police officer can initiate an arrest when a crime has been observed or when an arrest
warrant has been issued. In either case, an arrest must be based on:
a. fundamental fairness
b. plausible evidence
c. reasonable suspicion
d. probable cause
What characteristic is false when describing retributive terrorists?
a. The true target of the terrorist act extends far beyond those directly affected by the
attack.
b. Victims are usually selected for their maximum propaganda value.
c. Unconventional military tactics are used, especially secrecy and surprise.
d. Violent actions are undertaken to replace the existing government and for an
independent homeland.
Discuss the connection between IQ and crime. Include in your discussion the
controversy over the association between intelligence and crime.
Despite efforts to punish criminals and make them fear crime, there is little evidence
that the fear of apprehension and punishment alone can reduce crime rates. How can
this discrepancy be explained?
__________________ thrusts people outside of the economic mainstream forcing them
to live in areas conducive to crime.
The Code of Hammurabi established a system of crime and punishment based on
physical retaliation. But, the severity of this physical retaliation depended upon one's:
a. economic standing
b. political standing
c. class standing
d. military standing
Explain the jury selection process, the verdict process for jurors and the verdict
requirements that impact different juries based upon their size.
Identify and discuss Neil Shover's characteristics of a "good burglar" and how novices
gain recognition as good burglars.
Jails originated in Europe in the sixteenth century and were used to house those
awaiting trial and punishment.
Social process theories hold that criminality is a function of individual
______________.
When parents provide the structure that integrates children into families and can
effectively control their children in a noncoercive fashion, it is called
__________________.
Left realists argue that police should reduce their use of force, increase their sensitivity
to the public, and be more responsive to community needs.
Source control is designed to capture and punish known international drug dealers and
deter those who are considering entering the drug trade.
Reintegration shaming extends disapproval to an offender's evil deeds while casting the
offender as a respected person who can be reaccepted by society.
Jails house inmates for federal, state, or other authorities because of crowding of their
facilities.
Some occupations are more dangerous than others. Bartenders are at greatest risk to be
victims of workplace violence.
The criminal justice process begins with the _________________ an offender has with
police and ends with the offender's reentry into society.
Clearly indicating a rational thought process, people will forego crime if they risk
losing the respect of their peers and/or damaging their reputations
Cohesive communities with high levels of social control develop collective efficacy.
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) is an example of criminal
terrorism in which what appears to be a politically motivated action may turn out to be
merely a crime for profit.
Many causes of substance abuse have been put forward. Identity and discuss three
views.
