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During the 1960s and 1970s, the crime control philosophy became a dominant force in
America due to rising fear of crime and what other factor?
a. the increasing numbers of inmates being released from prison early due to
overcrowding
b. the increasing pressure from civil rights advocates
c. a rising shortage of police officers at the local level
d. the growing skepticism about the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts
The premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems,
computer programs, and data that result in violence against noncombatant targets by
subnational groups or clandestine agents is termed:
a. cyber espionage
b. cyber spying
c. cyber terrorism
d. cyber botnetting
Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological
and genetic conditions affect:
a. how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood
b. how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception
c. how social behaviors are learned and perceived
d. how social behaviors are transmitted
What is not a characteristic of transnational organize crime?
a. It is usually structured along hierarchical lines
b. Transnational organized crime has economic gain as its primary goal
c. Transnational criminal syndicates employ predatory tactics
d. Syndicates only provide illegal materials and do not engage in laundering money.
Women are most likely to be stalked by:
a. a stranger
b. a casual acquaintance
c. older males
d. an intimate partner
Which of the following rights in not generally contained within states' victims' rights
legislation?
a. the right to be present at criminal justice proceedings
b. the right to be protected from media coverage
c. the right to be notified of proceedings and the status of the defendant
d. the right to make a statement at sentencing, and to receive restitution from a
convicted offender
According to the general theory of crime, people who lack self-control tend not to be:
a. self-centered
b. studious
c. adventuresome
d. risk-takers
Sykes and Matza base their neutralization theory on a variety of observations about
criminals. Among these observations is that:
a. criminals hope to plea bargain based upon dispelling their responsibility for their
offenses
b. criminals view all victims as equal prey for their offenses
c. criminals sometimes voice a sense of guilt over their illegal acts
d. criminals show respect for their 'street smart" peers
While traditional forms of prostitution may be in decline, _____________, that uses the
internet to shield identities and contact clients, may be responsible for the resurgence in
sex for hire, especially in times of economic turmoil.
a. ehooking
b. Craigslist
c. social networking
d. chatrooms
Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, over time, is termed:
a. sampling
b. cross-sectional research
c. meta-analysis
d. cohort research
When powerful institutions or their representatives willfully violate the laws that
restrain these institutions from doing social harm or that require them to do social good,
it is called corporate crime or:
a. organized crime
b. organizational crime
c. social crime
d. antitrust crime
A cab drivers who routinely overcharges customers by charging them out-of-town rates
though the ride had taken place within city limits is involved in what type of
white-collar crime?
a. churning
b. chiseling
c. upcoding
d. bucketing
There is little evidence that the fear of apprehension and punishment reduce crime rates.
Which of the following is not a reason given to explain this discrepancy?
a. Many criminals suffer personality disorders that impair their judgment and render
them incapable of making truly rational decisions.
b. The vast majority of criminals are compulsive and lack the capacity to fear
punishment or appreciate consequences of crime.
c. Many offenders are part of the underclass and as such, they perceive few other
options for success.
d. Profits from crime are worth the risk of punishment.
Which of the following is not among the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission?
a. Create a single agency to screen border crossings.
b. Creation of an investigative agency to monitor all aliens in the United States and to
gather intelligence on the way terrorists travel across borders.
c. Tag people who want passports with biometric measures to make them easily
identifiable.
d. The expansion of the U.S. Patriot Act to monitor all calls and the Internet for
surveillance purposes.
The United States criminal justice system is monumental in size and is expensive to
run. What is the annual cost to run civil and criminal justice on the federal, state, and
local levels?
a. $500 million
b. $20 billion
c. $100 billion
d. $200 billion
Much of the difference in rates of violent crime between whites and racial minorities
can be explained by minorities being forced to live in high crime neighborhoods,
which:
a. provide a poorer quality of schooling
b. increases their risk of exposure to violence
c. contain few social interaction opportunities
d. provide a lack of legitimate economic opportunities
Truth in sentencing laws require felony offenders to serve what about of their prison
sentence?
a. 65%
b. 75%
c. 85%
d. all of their time
Information technology (IT) is the key to the _______ system and is responsible for
creating the globalization phenomenon.
a. business
b. Internet
c. economic
d. social
Recent court rulings pertaining to Miranda warnings have:
a. led to the exoneration of a wave of convicted offenders who were illegally
interrogated
b. caused a backlog of appeals pertaining to the admissibility of evidence
c. reduced police powers as they pertain to interrogation
d. given police greater leeway in their actions
Whose name do we associate with the prominent social learning theory of differential
association?
a. Matza
b. Sykes
c. Burgess
d. Sutherland
Website damage or defacement is a type of:
a. cyber vandalism
b. cyber terrorism
c. cyber espionage
d. cyber theft
What causal explanation of white-collar crime states that the motives that produce
white-collar crimes are the same as those that produce any other criminal behavior?
a. neutralization view
b. self-control view
c. corporate culture theory
d. rationalization view
Some corporations have endangered the lives of their own workers by maintaining
unsafe conditions in their plants and mines. What federal agency sets and controls
standards of workers' safety?
a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
b. Environmental Protection Agency
c. Internal Revenue Service
d. Securities and Exchange Commission
There are numerous problems presented by illegal wildlife exporting. Which of the
following reasons is not true?
a. Poachers imperil endangered species and threaten them with extinction.
b. The importation of non-native species, which could harm the receiving habitats.
c. By evading government controls, poachers create the potential for introducing pests
and diseases into formerly unaffected areas.
d. The global trade in illegal wildlife has declined due to waining economic incentive.
Which of the following is not a social goal the government expects to achieve via
contemporary criminal law?
a. encouraging revenge
b. maintenance of social order
c. deterrence of criminal behavior
d. express public opinion
Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research?
a. Middle-class girls in egalitarian households are the most likely to violate the law.
b. Females in paternalistic households are more likely to experience stigma and shame
than their brothers.
c. Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than
their brothers.
d. Females in egalitarian households are more likely to have the same expectations of
career success as heir brothers.
An example of business-related bribery is the routine practice of paying radio stations
or DJs to play songs. This is known as:
a. chiseling
b. bucketing
c. payola
d. pilferage
The theory that links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind
people to society is:
a. social learning theory
b. differential association theory
c. differential reinforcement theory
d. social bond theory
The view, according to Akers, that both deviant and conventional behaviors are learned
is called:
a. differential association theory
b. labeling theory
c. social reaction theory
d. differential reinforcement theory
Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of
criminal behavior through its effect on:
a. socio-economic status
b. job skills and employment
c. school performance
d. parenting skills
Some defendants are detained because they cannot make bail. If a defendant is denied
bail because of the danger they pose to society, the detention is termed:
a. anticipatory detention
b. preemptive detention
c. protective detention
d. preventive detention
A rape in which the goal is sexual conquest and the amount of force used is not
excessive as the attacker does not want to harm his/her victim is known as:
a. anger rape
b. gang rape
c. serial rape
d. power rape
Which goal of punishment suggests that because criminals benefit from their misdeeds,
they deserve to be punished?
a. restoration
b. retribution
c. restitution
d. equity
What is known about adding more police officers to help bring down the crime rate?
a. Adding police deters minor offenders but has no impact on violent crime.
b. Adding police increases citizens' fear of crime.
c. Adding police has no impact on crime levels.
d. Adding police may reduce crime levels.
Discuss three reasons why incarceration as a crime control strategy may not be
effective.
Contemporary terrorism encompasses many different behaviors and goals. Identify and
explain the behaviors and goals of three types of contemporary terrorist groups.
Occasional property crime occurs when there is an opportunity or situational
inducement to commit crime.
Tallying the societal costs of crime (justice system costs, legal costs, treatment costs,
etc.) results in a total loss due to crime of __________________annually.
Robert Hanssen, like Aldrich and Rosario Ames, engaged in the political crime of
espionage.
______________________ laws do not require mens rea, are meant to protect the
public, and include traffic laws
Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as
crime-encouraging rather than crime-discouraging.
Children suffering from measurable neurological deficits at birth are believed to also
suffer from antisocial traits throughout their life.
In about half the states and in the federal system, the decision of whether to bring a
suspect to trial (indictment) is made by a group of citizens brought together to form a
__________________.
Marx claimed that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of
production.
Indeterminate sentences give a minimum sentence that must be served and a lengthy
maximum sentence that is the outer boundary of the time that can possibly be served.
The restorative justice model views the violent punishing acts of the state as similar to
the violent acts of individuals.
The _________________________ established a system of crime and punishment
based on physical retaliation and is one of the oldest set of written laws.
File sharing is a type of illegal copyright infringement that allows users to download
music and other copyrighted materials without paying royalties to the copyright holder.
There are two theories regarding the association between intelligence and crime.
____________ theoryargues that intelligence is not inherited and that parents with a
low-IQ do not necessarily produce low-IQ children
_____________are bizarre or abnormal sexual practices involving recurrent sexual
urges.
Shoplifting is a common form of theft involving the taking of goods from retail stores.
Studies estimate that one in every nine shoppers steals from department stores.
