_________________ serve as models or frameworks for understanding human behavior
and the forces that shape its content and direction.
a. Theories
b. Social control mechanisms
c. Research methods
d. Corrections
The Kansas City, Missouri police department’s study of patrol effectiveness, convinced
criminologists that:
a. The mere presence of patrol officers on the street did not have a deterrent effect.
b. Doubling the amount of patrol officers on the street had a deterrent effect.
c. The mere presence of patrol officers on the street had a deterrent effect but only in
high crime neighborhoods.
d. Decreasing the amount of patrol officers on the street increased crime.
Validity issues impact the UCR. Which of the following represents a validity concern/s
for this data collection method?
a. reporting practices
b. methodological problems
c. reporting practices and law enforcement practices
d. reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement practices
Important findings of social control theory include all but which of the following?
a. Youths who were strongly attached to their parents were less likely to commit
criminal acts.
b. Delinquents and nondelinquents did not share similar beliefs about society.
c. Youths involved in unconventional behavior, such as smoking and drinking, were
more delinquency prone.
d. Youths who maintained weak and distant relationships with people tended toward
delinquency.
The critique that the origin of criminal definitions is not accounted for is applicable to
what theory group?
a. control theories
b. learning theories
c. labeling theories
d. structural theories
While procedural laws have a number of sources, the most important source is:
a. the Emancipation Proclamation
b. common law
c. the Bible
d. the Bill of Rights
___________________ occurs when parents have excellent parenting skills, are
supportive and can effectively control their children in a noncoercive fashion resulting
in a reduction in antisocial behavior.
a. Parental control
b. Parental efficacy
c. Social control
d. Differential reinforcement
In the nineteenth century, two new forms of theft appeared as a result of changes in
society. What were these new forms?
a. train robbery and safe cracking
b. fraud and false pretenses
c. con games and fire-setting
d. stage coach robbery and mail banditry
In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an example of:
a. suitable targets
b. motivated offenders
c. capable guardians
d. protective sentinels
Among the rights won by inmates, which of the following is not one of them?
a. the right to secure proper medical attention
b. the right to freedom of speech and press unless it interferes or threatens institutional
freedom.
c. the right to be free from cruel and unusual physical treatment while incarcerated.
d. the right to be segregated along racial lines.
__________ cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas _________ affect the
nervous system. Both are linked to mental, emotional, and behavioral problems.
a. Endo-allergies; neuroallergies
b. Neuroallergies; cerebral allergies
c. Cerebral allergies; neuroallergies
d. Neuroallergies; endo-allergies
__________________ is an approach in which community organization efforts
eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessary.
a. Preemptive deterrence
b. General deterrence
c. Specific deterrence
d. Integrative deterrence
What type of sentence requires that upon completion of one sentence, the other term of
incarceration begins?
a. concurrent
b. mandatory
c. consecutive
d. indeterminate
Offenders may react selectively to the characteristics of particular offenses. For
instance, the decision to commit a burglary may involve evaluating the target’s likely
cash yield and the presence of dogs and escape routes. This crime would then be
considered:
a. offense specific
b. offender specific
c. target specific
d. risk specific
When caught, shoplifters try to rationalize their behavior. Cromwell and Thurman
found widespread use of which social process theory?
a. neutralization theory
b. social bond theory
c. labeling theory
d. differential enforcement theory
Who, of the following categories, would be housed in a jail?
a. someone awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing
b. a probation violator
c. a mentally ill person awaiting transport to an appropriate mental health facility
d. those sentenced to more than one year.
The pathway of crime that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to
deviance and then to authority avoidance is known as:
a. the power pathway
b. the authority conflict pathway
c. the overt pathway
d. the covert pathway
When were the components of criminal justice first conceived of as a ‘system?”
a. after the Wickersham Commission
b. after the Chicago Crime Commission
c. after studies conducted by the American Bar Foundation
d. after the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of
Justice
By the 18th century, which of these types of property criminals was not active?
a. skilled thieves
b. smugglers
c. poachers
d. boosters
What does research show to be a key factor in terms of early onset of criminality?
a. close peer relationships
b. racism
c. poor parental discipline
d. educational attainment
When referring to serial killers, which of the following is false?
a. Ten to fifteen percent of serial killers are women.
b. Serial killers come from diverse backgrounds.
c. Most experts view serial killers as sociopaths who from early childhood demonstrate
bizarre behavior.
d. A gun is often used because it allows for a quick means to kill the victim .
The “missing cases” phenomenon is a validity concern for which type of crime
measurement?
a. quasi-experimental research
b. the UCR
c. self-report studies
d. meta-analysis
In 1914, the Harrison Narcotics Act restricted importation, manufacture, sale, and
dispensing of narcotics. This act defined narcotic as any drug that:
a. results in addictive behavior
b. produces sleep and relieves pain
c. was imported
d. opium-based
The theorist associated with the “born criminal” and biological determinism is?
a. Lombroso
b. Beccaria
c. Sheldon
d. Ferri
A sequential pattern of behavior that is common between the offender and victim in
which actions escalate and ultimately, result in a homicide is known as?
a. a concurrent killing
b. murder transactions
c. the brutalization process
d. the virility mystique
In _________________________, the Supreme Court declared that laws banning
sodomy were unconstitutional because they violated the due process rights of citizens
because of their sexual orientation.
a. Map v. Ohio
b. Baze and Bowling v. Rees
c. Lawrence v. Texas
d. Roper v. Simmons
The Wickersham Commission analyzed American justice and helped to usher in what
era?
a. era of nonintervention
b. era of treatment and rehabilitation
c. era of crime control
d. era of due process
A person can also be held criminally liable for the death of another even if they did not
intend to injure another person but they disregard or ignore an excessive risk to an
another’s health or safety. This is called:
a. nonnegligent manslaughter
b. negligent manslaughter
c. deliberate indifference
d. second-degree murder
________________________ is defined as having five or more drinks on the same
occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days.
a. Heavy drinking
b. Binge drinking
c. Alcoholism
d. Alcohol dependency
Referring to victims and their criminals, victims report that substance abuse is a factor
in how many violent crime incidents?
a. one-quarter
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
_______________ prisons operate without armed guards or walls; usually they are
constructed in compounds surrounded by chain-link fences.
a. maximum-security
b. medium-security
c. minimum-security
d. supermax
What percentage of the adult inmate population do women constitute?
a. 5-6%
b. 8-10%
c. 12-15%
d. 20-22%
Why do deterrence strategies against white-collar criminals work?
a. because white collar criminals are difficult to shame
b. because white collar crime is a rational act
c. because federal agencies are eager to throw criminal executives in prison
d. because white collar criminals conceive of themselves as more threatening than street
criminals
Which piece of legislation grants money to state compensation boards derived from
fines and penalties imposed on federal offenders?
a. Omnibus Victim and Witness Protection Act
b. Victims of Crime Act
c. Justice for All
d. Victims’ Bill of Rights
Many times it is difficult to randomly select subjects or manipulate conditions of a
study. When this occurs, criminologists must rely on what type of design?
a. quasi-experimental
b. retrospective cohort
c. cross-sectional
d. observational
__________________ involves immobilizing a person on his or her back and pouring
water over the face and into the breathing passages producing an immediate gag reflex
and an experience akin to drowning; the subject believes their death is imminent.
The ______________ pathway to crime begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.
Identify and discuss the three characteristics Finkelhor and Asigian found that predict
one’s risk of repeat victimization.
Complaints are the type of charging documents used in misdemeanor cases;
informations and indictments are the charging documents used in felony cases.
Examine capital punishment in the United States.
According to Shaw and McKay’s statistical analysis, in which concentric zones were the
highest rates of crime found?
a. zones I & II
b. zones II & III
c. zones III & IV
d. zones IV & V
_____________ describes any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no
reasonable explanation, such as an accident or ordinary disciplinary practices, can be
found.
____________________try to explain crime within economic and social contexts and
to express the connection between social class, crime, and social control.
The purpose of ___________________________ is to promote a peaceful and just
society.
Concerning routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be considered
______________.
Each component of the criminal justice system is closely supervised by state and federal
courts through the law of criminal procedure, which sets out and guarantees citizens
certain rights and privileges when they are accused of crime.
Research shows that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent behavior if
they were the target of physical abuse, exposed to violent behavior among adults they
know or live with, or exposed to weapons.
Among the factors that influence crime trends are the availability of legalized abortion,
firearms, and quality health care.
Sparing non-dangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction
and involvement with the justice process is the goal of ____________________.
The ___________________ of terrorist motivation describes the typical terrorist as an
emotionally disturbed individual who acts out his or her psychoses within the confines
of violent groups.