Meta-analysis involves gathering data from:
a. the social environment
b. juveniles
c. a cohort
d. previous studies
What is known about the trend in property crime rates?
a. Like the violent crime rate, the property crime rate has increased slightly.
b. Like the violent crime rate, the property crime rate has decreased.
c. The violent crime rate and property crime rate have remained equally stable.
d. The violent crime rate has decreased while the property crime rate has increased.
Eighteenth century thieves who moved freely in sparsely populated areas and
transported goods, such as spirits, gems, gold, and spices, without bothering to pay tax
or duty were known as:
a. skilled thieves
b. poachers
c. smugglers
d. burglars
Which of the following is inaccurate with regard to the decline of Mafia power?
a. Reigning family heads are quite old.
b. The code of silence in now regularly broken by younger members.
c. Emerging ethnic gangs want to muscle in on traditional syndicate activities.
d. Younger members are not as educated as earlier generations.
The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of:
a. political harm
b. social power
c. social harm
d. political power
Common law was developed after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 through the
verdicts of _________ who used local customs and rules of conduct as guides for
decision-making.
a. juries
b. popes
c. kings
d. royal judges
Crime persists because most offenders believe all but which of the following?
a. There is only a small chance they will be arrested for committing a crime.
b. Police officers are sometimes reluctant to arrest even when aware of crime.
c. Even if apprehended there is a good chance of receiving a lenient punishment.
d. They face punishment soon after their apprehension.
Differential associations may vary in all but which of the following ways?
a. frequency
b. duration
c. priority
d. motivation
The study of the activities of several generations of families believed to have an
especially large number of criminal members is the:
a. Chicago school
b. nurture school
c. inheritance school
d. classical school
When a jail term is required as a condition of probation it is termed:
a. shock incarceration
b. intensive probation
c. shock probation
d. split sentencing
According to Durkheim, ______________ occurs in a society in which rules of
behavior have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social
change or social crisis, such as war or famine.
a. anomie
b. stratification
c. gentrification
d. transition
Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining are known as:
a. social connections
b. prosocial bonds
c. social capital
d. turning points
_______________ is a characteristic of pre-industrial society, held together by
traditions, shared values and unquestioned beliefs.
a. organic solidarity
b. anomic solidarity
c. mechanic solidarity
d. systematic solidarity
Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:
a. productive forces
b. lumpen proletariat
c. capitalist bourgeoisie
d. the proletariat
According to the _________ hypothesis, the criminality of females is masked because
of the generally benevolent and protective attitude toward women in our society.
a. masculinity
b. chivalry
c. feminist
d. proximity
Regardless of what organizational structure is used, most terrorist groups subdivide
their affiliates into _________________ for both organizational and security purposes.
a. terror cells
b. insurgents
c. guerillas
d. renditions
Which form of indigent defense involves a salaried staff of full or part-time attorneys
that provide services through a public or private non-profit organization or as direct
government (court) paid employees?
a. contract counsel
b. assigned counsel
c. public defender
d. court advocate counsel
According to the Monitoring the Future Study and the National Survey on Drug Use
and Health, drug use trends:
a. have fluctuated in an erratic fashion, yearly, over the past few years
b. have declined steadily during the past few years
c. have risen steadily during the past few years
d. have been relatively stable during the past few years
Probation is the most commonly used alternative sentence, even for those convicted of
a felony. Today, how many offenders are on probation?
a. 100,000
b. 400,000
c. 1 million
d. 4 million
Athens links violence to early experiences with child abuse. Which is the proper
ordering of how antisocial careers develop under this link?
a. brutalization process, virulency stage, violent performances
b. violent performances, brutalization process, virulency stage
c. virulency stage, violent performances, brutalization process
d. brutalization process, violent performances, virulency stage
In the case of Baldwin v. New York, the Supreme Court held that defendants are entitled
to a jury trial:
a. whenever the possibility of incarceration existed
b. only in felony cases
c. whenever the defendant so requested
d. only if they face the possibility of a prison sentence of more than six months
What type of threat is represented by Titan Rain?
a. a cyber fraud threat
b. a cyber terrorism threat
c. a cyber espionage threat
d. Titan Rain does not represent a threat, it is security software
__________________ occurs when the victim has a clear right to expect a service, and
the offender threatens to withhold the service unless an additional payment or bribe is
forthcoming.
a. Influence peddling
b. Exploitation
c. Chiseling
d. Front running
Social ecologists know that people who report living in neighborhoods with high levels
of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting. Some residents become
so suspicious that they develop a(n) ___________ in which the outside world is
considered the enemy out to destroy their neighborhood.
a. anomie mindset
b. culture conflict
c. focal attitude
d. siege mentality
The concept that capitalists control the labor of workers while men control women both
economically and biologically is referred to as _________ and explains why females in
a capitalist society commit fewer crimes than males.
a. power-control
b. double marginality
c. economic realism
d. marginalization
What is self-report data? Discuss the use and accuracy of self-report data.
This crime occurs when individuals make securities recommendations and fail to
disclose that they are being paid to disseminate their favorable opinions:
a. illegal touting
b. fraudulent offerings
c. market manipulation
d. deceptive priming
The system of _________ in which men dominate public, social, economic, and
political affairs sustains female oppression at home and in the workplace.
a. equiarchy
b. oligarchy
c. matriarchy
d. patriarchy
According to deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning
could be increased, crime rates should:
a. remain stable
b. increase
c. decline
d. initially spike, then decline
Acts that are considered illegal because they threaten the general well-being of society
and challenge its accepted moral principles are known as:
a. obscenities
b. paraphilias
c. economic crimes
d. public order crimes
_______________ argued that laws are created by politically oriented groups, who seek
the government’s assistance to help them defend their rights and protect their interests.
A sequential pattern of behavior between the offender and the victim that ultimately
results in homicide is known as _______________________________.
Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic
domination and oppression.
The presence of brain tumors and lesions has been linked to a wide variety of
psychological problems, including personality changes, hallucinations, and psychotic
episodes.
The rehabilitation model suggests that with proper care and treatment, criminals can be
changed into productive, law-abiding citizens.
Restorative justice advocates argue that the formal social control methods of
punishment are a failure because over two-thirds of prison inmates recidivate soon after
release. Discuss how the informal control method of reintegrative shaming works and
whether it might be a more effective approach to deterrence.
Many offenders feel free to engage in business crime because they can easily rationalize
its effects.
Edgework is the exhilarating, momentary integration of danger, risk, and skill that
motivates people to try a variety of dangerous criminal and non-criminal behavior.
Who is most likely to be victimized? Identify four social and/or demographic
characteristics this person would possess.
The term “Ponzi scheme” comes from an individual who duped thousands of New
England residents into investing in a postage stamp speculation scheme back in the
1920s.
The concept of ____________________________ holds that crime rates are influenced
and controlled by the threat of criminal punishment.
According to Sellin, culture conflict occurs when the rules expressed in criminal law
clash with the demands of group conduct norms.
The _________________, passed in 2001, gave sweeping new powers to domestic law
enforcement and international intelligence agencies in an effort to fight terrorism. This
legislation expanded all traditional tools of surveillance.
Beginning with common law and concluding with contemporary law, explain how
criminal law has evolved as society has evolved.
The ___________________________is the first international treaty that addresses the
definition and enforcement of cyber crime and focuses on improving investigative
techniques and increasing cooperation among nations.