It is difficult to prosecute and control Internet pornography because:
a. federal legislation has been successfully challenged in the courts under the First
Amendment
b. as soon as one website is shutdown another emerges to fill the gap
c. nearly all Internet porn sites are based in foreign countries
d. federal legislation has lagged behind the Internet porn industry
An effort to prohibit the sale of liquor in the United States that resulted in the passage
of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution in 1919 is known as the:
a. war on alcohol
b. bootleg war
c. moral crusade
d. temperance movement
Randy Borum’s cognitive stages of becoming a political criminal seem similar to what
social process theory?
a. differential association theory
b. social bond theory
c. social learning theory
d. neutralization theory
Rationalizing their ________ is a common trait of white-collar criminals.
a. greed
b. skill
c. authority
d. power
In his _________________, pioneering control theorist Walter Reckless argued that a
strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of crimogenic
influences in the environment.
a. containment theory
b. normative group theory
c. social bond theory
d. social reaction theory
Under English common law, treason was punishable by being “drawn and quartered.”
How do many nations punish treason today?
a. by life in prison
b. by imposing the death penalty
c. by deportation
d. by taking away one’s citizenship
Victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. What is known about the
long-term stress suffered by victims?
a. Any stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time the child
reaches adolescence.
b. Younger victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than adult victims.
c. Childhood trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with
visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations.
d. Unlike spouse abuse, child abuse rarely leads to despair, depression, and
homelessness.
Conflict theorists believe this occurs when people are thrust outside of the economic
mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to
crime.
a. classification
b. symbolic interaction
c. marginalization
d. economic interaction
Restorative processes generally include all but which of the following basic elements?
a. asking the offender to accept responsibility
b. a determination of community support and assistance for the victim only
c. turning the justice system into a healing process
d. a commitment to both restitution and an apology.
Public welfare offenses, such as traffic offenses, are crimes that do not require mens rea
to prove legal guilt because they endanger public welfare or violate safety regulations.
They are also referred to as:
a. mala prohibita
b. strict liability crimes
c. limited liability crimes
d. felonies
Assigning officers to a particular area to proactively investigate suspicious activities
and to enforce existing gun, drug, traffic, and related laws is termed:
a. strategic patrol
b. proactive patrol
c. directed patrol
d. targeted patrol
Destroying overseas drug crops and arresting members of drug cartels are examples of
what type of drug control strategy?
a. source control strategy
b. interdiction strategy
c. law enforcement strategy
d. punishment strategy
Under what circumstance can spam become a crime?
a. when it causes emotional distress to a victim
b. when it involves pornography
c. when it causes serious harm to a computer or network
d. when it involves an organized group of spammers
Which of the following is not considered a state (organized) crime?
a. illegal domestic surveillance
b. human rights violations
c. enforcement of laws and working with the private sector
d. engaging in violence to maintain power
Some political criminals are motivated by altruism; they truly believe their crimes will
benefit society and are willing to violate the law and risk punishment in
order to achieve what they see as social improvement. As such, their goal is:
a. revolution
b. conviction
c. pseudo-conviction
d. profit
According to control-balance theory, this occurs when the amount of control one is
subject to by others is in balance with the amount of control one can exercise over
others.
a. conformity
b. crime
c. exploitation
d. defiance
What type of control mechanism is commonly used with home confinement?
a. electronic monitoring
b. intensive supervision
c. residential community corrections
d. asset forfeiture
Who is most likely to engage in workplace violence?
a. a middle-aged white female facing termination
b. a middle-aged white male facing termination
c. a middle-aged minority female facing termination
d. a middle-aged minority male facing termination
Unlike any other violent crime, what legal aspect is necessary to be disproved when
prosecuting rape?
a. injury
b. malice
c. consent
d. intent
In conducting research, criminologists primarily focus on both the poor and minorities
while ignoring the __________________ criminals who may commit white-collar
crime.
a. middle-class
b. employed
c. White
d. more intelligent
Scholars of critical criminology are more likely to examine ___ trends and patterns
rather than perform surveys and analyze data.
a)national economic
b)profit
c)historical
d)stock market
One of the largest and fastest growing problems concerns disposing of obsolete
high-tech electronics called:
a. E-waste
b. T-waste
c. Tech-dump
d. Green-trash
Which is not an element of the social bond?
a. achievement
b. attachment
c. commitment
d. involvement
Armed military bands that attack military, police and government officials in an effort
to destabilize the existing government are known as:
a. revolutionaries
b. terrorists
c. insurgents
d. guerillas
What is known regarding repeat victimization/chronic victimization?
a. Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous crime has been committed.
b. Repeat victimizations are rare because victims tend to take defensive action once
victimized.
c. Chronic victimization refers to people, not to property or locations.
d. Prior victimization has little, if any, impact on an individual’s likelihood of becoming
re-victimized.
Productive forces do not include what things?
a. technology
b. energy sources
c. material resources
d. altruistic relationships
Which of the following is used to produce an immediate gag reflex and an experience
akin to drowning in the interrogation of suspected terrorists?
a. eco-terrorism
b. waterboarding
c. rendition
d. Chinese water torture
The rehabilitation model is also referred to as:
a. the intervention model
b. the patient model
c. the medical model
d. the healing model
Youth who grow up in households characterized by conflict and tension, and where
there is a lack of familial love and support, are susceptible to:
a. depression
b. delinquency
c. poverty
d. dropping out
High bone concentrations of this mineral/metal are associated with delinquency.
a. iron
b. lead
c. copper
d. zinc
Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the similarities between the juvenile
justice system and the adult criminal justice system?
a. The use of discretion in decision-making is used in both the juvenile justice systems
and adult criminal justice system.
b. The standard of arrest is similar for adults and juveniles.
c. The standard of evidence in juvenile delinquency adjudications, as in adult criminal
trials, is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
d. Juveniles and adults can be kept in detention without bail if they are considered
dangerous.
When researchers want a survey to focus on a particular group of people or to be
representative of all members of society they conduct:
a. self-report research
b. cross-sectional research
c. aggregate data research
d. experimental research
Private prisons are operated by corporations:
a. due to prison overcrowding
b. for profit
c. for low-risk offenders
d. for humanitarian reasons associated with providing less harsh environments
The branch of the law that defines crimes and their punishment is known as
______________.
a. substantive law
b. procedural law
c. civil law
d. administrative law
Part I crimes are also referred to as ___ and include: murder, forcible rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and ___.
a. indices, embezzlement
b. indices, arson
c. index crimes, arson
d. index crimes, embezzlement
Information provided by a suspect that leads to the seizure of incriminating evidence is
permissible if the evidence would have been obtained anyway by other means or
sources. This is termed ____________.
Thirty years ago, the Knapp Commission found that police corruption in New York City
was pervasive and widespread, ranging from officers taking small gratuities from local
businesspeople to senior officers receiving payoffs in the thousands of dollars from
gamblers and narcotics violators.
______________________________ occurs when disapproval is extended to an
offenders’ evil deeds, while at the same time those offenders who can be reaccepted by
society are cast as respected people.
The socialization view of terrorist motivation suggests that terrorists have been raised to
hate their opponents and learn at an early age that they have been victimized by some
oppressor.
Building ______________ ” positive relations with individuals and institutions that are
life sustaining ” support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior.
At a defendant’s ____________________, formal charges are read, the accused is
informed of constitutional rights, bail is considered and a trial date set.
Mandatory sentencing generally expands the judge’s discretionary power to impose any
disposition viewed as proportionate to the offense.
There is evidence that a subculture of violence may be found in areas that experience
concentrated poverty and social disorganization.
The ____________________________ holds that living in deteriorated, crime-ridden
neighborhoods exerts a powerful influence over behavior, strong enough to neutralize
the positive effects of a supportive family and close social ties.
Female criminality is sometimes masked because criminal justice authorities who are
reluctant to take action against a woman. This reluctance is known as
the__________________.
Publishing “John lists” in the newspaper is a situational crime prevention technique
intended to induce _______________ for committing the crime.
Compare and contrast death penalty arguments. Provide four arguments for both sides
of the issue.
Acts that are considered illegal because they threaten the general well-being of society
and challenge its accepted moral principles are known as __________________.
Stigmatizing shaming includes the disapproval of what the offender did followed by
acceptance and reaccepted by society.
Discuss the issues critical criminologists have with traditional social science
methodology and then provide the types of research techniques used in critical
criminology.
Mainstream criminologists have criticized critical criminology claiming:
a)Critical criminology is “hot air, heat, but no real light.”
b)Critical criminology simply rehashes the old tradition of helping the underdog.
c)Critical criminology refuses to address the problems and conflicts that exist in
socialist countries.
d)Critical criminology acknowledges the capitalist system’s efforts to regulate itself.
For many years, the nation’s courts did not interfere in prison operations based on the
belief that it lacked technical competence in prison administration, society’s general
apathy toward prisons, and the belief that prisoners’ complaints involved privileges
rather than rights. This is called the ___________________________.
Criminologists who devise valid and reliable measures designed to calculate the amount
and trends of criminal activity fall under which sub-area of the criminological
enterprise?
a. theory construction and testing
b. criminal statistic and crime measurements
c. penology and social control
d. victimology and victimization