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The unique value system that dominates life among the lower classes is known as:
a. focal concerns
b. middle-class measuring rods
c. conduct norms
d. reaction formation
The wealth concentration effect in a worldwide phenomenon. In the United States, the
top one tenth of one percent of households averages about ____________ annually.
a. $1.6 million
b. $2 million
c. $3.7 million
d. $ 5 million
Situational crime prevention tactics such as Lojack tracking systems are an example of
what?
a. increasing difficulty
b. increasing risk
c. reducing rewards
d. reducing deterrence
An aggressive policing strategy that identifies and focuses on a specific crime or
specific criminals and then develops strategies to counteract them is known as
a. community-policing
b. problem-oriented policing
c. intelligence-led policing
d. community-led policing
In the "__________" stage of the cognitive process of becoming a political criminal, the
individual concludes that the undesirable condition is a product of injustice " that is, it
does not apply to everyone.
a. "It's not right."
b. "You"re evil."
c. "It's your fault."
d. "It's not fair."
Institutional social control includes _______ while public social control includes
______.
a. schools, police
b. families, schools
c. schools, peers
d. police, churches
Legislation of moral issues has continually frustrated lawmakers. Whereas, it is easy to
determine and sympathize with a victim of an assault or robbery, it is more difficult to
sympathize with victims of immoral acts, especially if the parties involved are willing
participants. This moral conundrum has resulted in the problematic crime label called:
a. victimless crimes
b. morality crimes
c. social harm offenses
d. decency offenses
The importance and prestige attributed to individuals or groups from whom the
definitions are learned is the _________ element of an association.
a. priority
b. duration
c. intensity
d. frequency
According to Jacques and Wright's research on criminal careers, for which criminal
offender does becoming a crime victim sets the stage for their breaking away from their
chosen profession and transitioning into a new life course.
a. car thief
b. gang member
c. burglar
d. drug dealer
Some nations have relatively high violence rates. Which of the following national
characteristics does not predict violence?
a. robust economy
b. a high level of social disorganization
c. high child abuse rates
d. political corruption
Among outlawed sexual behavior is ________________, in which a person rubs against
or touches a nonconsenting person in a crowd, elevator, or other public area.
a. transvestite fetishism
b. frotteurism
c. asphyxiophilia
d. voyeurism
The majority of check forgers who do not believe their actions will hurt anyone and
usually cash bad checks because of a financial crisis are known as:
a. constructive check forgers
b. systematic check forgers
c. good check forgers
d. nave check forgers
Which age group experiences the most violent crime?
a. those 65 years and older
b. those 35-49 year old
c. those 25-35 year old
d. those 12-24 year old
It is believed that most organized crime income comes from narcotics distribution,
internet pornography, and:
a. charitable funds
b. terrorism
c. human trafficking
d. labor unions
Complete strangers approached in a public place by someone offering a great deal on
valuable commodities would be called:
a. amateur receivers
b. associational fences
c. professional fences
d. neighborhood hustlers
What impact do habitual offender sentencing laws have on crime rates?
a. Such sentencing laws have great effect on younger offenders, those under 25.
b. Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders older than 25.
c. Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders regardless of age.
d. Such sentencing laws have little effect.
Common theft-related offenses including auto theft, shoplifting, and credit card fraud
fall into the crime category of:
a. professional crime
b. street crime
c. white-collar crime
d. organized crime
When individuals embrace conventional social goals and have the means at their
disposal to attain them, this is known as:
a. conformity
b. innovation
c. ritualism
d. rebellion
In order to make an arrest, police need:
a. plausible cause
b. sufficient evidence
c. probable cause
d. sufficient cause
In 1966, Oscar Lewis argued that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produce
______________, which is/are passed from one generation to the next.
a. culture conflict
b. a culture of poverty
c. differential opportunity
d. negative affective states
According to focal concern theory, which of the following is not identified as a lower
class focal concern?
a. smartness
b. trouble
c. excitement
d. achievement
In felony cases, plea bargaining usually occurs:
a. after arrest and before arraignment
b. between arraignment and the onset of trial
c. during the trial
d. after the trial but before sentencing
Today, how many people are in jail on a daily basis?
a. 250,000
b. 500,000
c. 800,000
d. 1 million
Cybercrime presents a compelling challenge for the justice system and law enforcement
community. What statement is false with regard to such challenges?
a. Cybercrimeis rapidly evolving with new schemes being created daily.
b. Cybercrime is difficult to detect through traditional law enforcement channels.
c. Cybercrime's control demands that agents of the justice system develop technical
skills that match those of the perpetrators.
d. Cybercrime necessitates a lighter sentence due to limited state and federal laws.
Who is the theorist who developed general strain theory?
a. Sellin
b. Durkheim
c. Agnew
d. Merton
An act is considered __________________ when it carries with it the intent to disrupt
and change the government and emphasizes violence as a mechanism to promote
change.
a. terrorism
b. espionage
c. treason
d. revoluntionary
Felony murder usually constitutes:
a. negligent homicide
b. nonnegligent manslaughter
c. first-degree murder
d. second-degree murder
Criminologists argue that "three strikes and you"re out" policies will not work for
various reasons. Which statement is false?
a. Most three-time losers are on the verge of aging out anyway.
b. Current sentences for violent crimes are already severe.
c. There would be racial disparity in sentencing.
d. The expansion of the prison population will stabilize costs.
Statutory crimes are referred to as:
a. mala in se
b. mala prohibitum
c. actus reus
d. mens rea
Of all the commonly practiced paraphilias, attaining sexual pleasure through sexual
activity with prepubescent children is of most concern. This is known as:
a. pedophilia
b. frotteurism
c. asphyxiophilia
d. voyeurism
The aspects of decision making and __________ mark each stage of the criminal justice
system.
a. funneling
b. deterrence
c. discretion
d. formality
What cyber crime involves failure to deliver on promised purchases or the substitution
of cheaper or used material for higher quality purchases?
a. phishing
b. e-tailing
c. spamming
d. mousetrapping
The anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of negative and
destructive social relationships are known as
Many victims fail to report rapes because they are embarrassed, believe nothing can be
done, or blame themselves.
According to _____________________, torture can be justified in order to force a
political criminal to reveal the location of an explosive device before it can go off and
kill many people.
a.the ticking bomb scenario
b. the U.S. Constitution
c. the USA Patriot Act
d. pseudo-conviction
Define and discuss the differences among serial killing, spree killing, and mass killing.
When referring to marital status and victimization, widows and widowers have the
highest victimization risk.
Discuss the importance and/or findings of the Chicago Crime Commission, the
Wickersham Commission, the American Bar Foundation, and President Lyndon
Johnson's Crime Commission and how each contributed to our understanding of the
criminal justice system.
While cybercrime has been pervasive and rapidly evolving, law enforcement agencies
at the federal, state, and local levels have managed to keep a step ahead of cyber
offenders.
A __________________ is an investment fraud that involves the payment of purported
returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors.
The _____________ are the people who do the actual labor.
Discuss transnational organized crime. What is its primary goal is and how it is
achieved?
____________ are usually respectable persons who do not conceive of themselves as
thieves, but are systematic shoplifters who steal merchandise for their own use.
The ideological view of terrorist motivation suggests that terrorists may be motivated
by feelings of alienation and failure to maintain the tools to compete in a
post-technological society.
Discuss the problems parolees and inmates experience as they reenter society.
A subculture is a unique set of values and beliefs that are in conflict with conventional
social norms.
The three main categories of cybercrime are cybertheft, cybervandalism, and
cyberterrorism. Examine these categories of cyber crimes.
___________________ is the granting of nonmarital sexual access, established by
mutual agreement, for remuneration.
