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When young offenders claim their unlawful acts were beyond their control, it's known
as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of injury
c. denial of victim
d. condemnation of the condemners
Which of the following does not increase the potential for victimization?
a. A drunk college student walking back to his or her dorm or apartment.
b. A male wearing a jacket as he returns to his office
c. A female listening to her iPod while walking
d. An individual who gets into an argument with another person
It is common to find B-girls in towns:
a. along the east and west coasts
b. with large industrial complexes
c. with military bases
d. along the southern coastal region
Commercial sexual transactions contain which condition?
a. economic transaction
b. emotional concern
c. activity that has sexual significance for the prostitute
d. pressure from others to engage in something different and exciting
Prior to the 1960s, the nation's courts maintained a hands-off approach and did not
interfere with prison matters due to all but which reason?
a. The belief that it lacked technical competence in prison administration.
b. Society's general apathy toward prisons.
c. A general concern with civil and human rights.
d. The belief that prisoners' complaints involved privileges rather than rights.
Embezzlement is distinguished from fraud on the basis of:
a. whether the act occurred against an organization or an individual
b. the number of actors "working the scheme"
c. the dollar value of what was taken and the absence of using a weapon to perpetrate
the criminal act
d. when the criminal intent was formed and that a serious breach of trust has taken place
Misrepresenting a fact in a way that causes a victim to willingly give his or her property
to the wrongdoer, who then keeps it, is known as:
a. factual pretense
b. false pretense
c. nave pretense
d. opportunistic pretense
Computer worms are similar to viruses except that they use computer networks or the
Internet to do what?
a. remain dormant for longer periods of time
b. "rip" or "crack" security codes
c. crash websites
d. self-replicate
Which is an inaccurate statement pertaining to the history of rape?
a. All but three states have revised their rape statues to make them gender neutral.
b. With few exceptions, rape has been a recognized crime throughout history.
c. Under feudal law, "heiress stealing" equated women with property.
d. A woman who was raped was almost automatically seen as an innocent victim who
did not contribute to her attack.
Probation usually involves the ___ of an offender's sentence in return for the promise of
good behavior in the community under the supervision of a probation department.
a. commutation
b. dismissal
c. suspension
d. diversion
Which of the following is not a prevention strategy to reduce or eliminate shoplifting?
a. electronic article surveillance
b. source tagging
c. target removal
d. overzealous enforcement
According to __________, crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat of
punishment.
a. specific deterrence
b. general deterrence
c. diffusion of benefits
d. crime displacement
Attempts to extort money from legitimate users of an Internet service by threatening to
prevent the users from having access to the service is called:
a. denial-of-service
b. web defacement
c. cyber terrorism
d. cyber vandalism
Biocriminologists believe human behavior is not produced by which of the following?
a. physical conditions
b. environmental conditions
c. social conditions
d. psychological conditions
Cyber bullying is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of
electronic text. While traditional bullying involves a physical power differential
between the victim and offender, cyber bullying involves:
a. an online power differential
b. a cyber spying power differential
c. a social power differential
d. Cyber bullying involves all these differentials.
The connection between crime and mental illness is evident given all but which of the
following statements?
a. Female offenders seem to have more serious mental health symptoms.
b. Juvenile murderers have been described as "overtly hostile," "explosive or volatile,"
and "depressed."
c. Substance abuse among the mentally ill is significantly lower than that of the general
population.
d. The diagnosed mentally ill appear in arrest and court statistics at a rate
disproportionate to their presence in the population.
Criminologists conduct research to:
a. measure the nature and extent of criminal behavior
b. meet requirements set forth by state legislatures
c. gain recognition as criminologists
d. meet requirements set forth by the federal government
Nearly all sheriff's departments provide basic law enforcement services and investigate
crimes. Many sheriffs' departments also maintain:
a. state sex offender registries
b. the county courts
c. the county jail
d. automated finger print identification systems
The rights of victims and funding for victim compensation were recognized under
which presidential administration?
a. Carter
b. Reagan
c. Clinton
d. Bush
Because the concept of political crime is highly subjective, people who some label as
terrorists may be viewed by others as:
a. oppressors
b. freedom fighters
c. saviors
d. visionary leaders
What is known about the age of onset and the continuity of crime?
a. Early-onset criminals are more involved in aggressive acts ranging from cruelty to
animals to peer-directed violence.
b. Late-onset criminals are more likely to be involved in nonviolent crimes such as
theft.
c. Children who become the most serious delinquents begin their deviant careers at a
very early (preschool) age.
d. Late-onset criminals are more likely to be involved in physically aggressive acts.
Today, there are approximately how many law enforcement agencies on all levels of the
govenment?
a. 10,000
b. 12,500
c. 18,000
d. 25,000
If criminologists want to see the direct effect of one factor on another, they conduct:
a. experimental research
b. aggregate data research
c. cohort research
d. survey research
According to general strain theory, which negative emotion is most important in the
study of crime?
a. fear
b. anxiety
c. anger
d. depression
According to the restorative justice model, what is the true purpose of the criminal
justice system?
a. to promote a peaceful and just society
b. to maintain a "hands-off" doctrine
c. to protect a suspect's civil rights
d. to treat and rehabilitate offenders
Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully executing
illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill, is for
some, a seduction of crime and is referred to as:
a. rushwork
b. edgework
c. riskwork
d. thrillwork
_________ occurs when fishing vessels sign on to their home nation's rules but then
choose to ignore their scope and boundary, or operate in a country's waters without
permission or on the high seas without a flag.
a. Illegal dumping
b. Illegal fishing
c. Illegal shipping
d. Illegal exporting
The free choice view of prostitution expresses women's:
a. subjugation
b. equality
c. dominance
d. social circumstances
While politically appealing, controlling sex for profit is difficult because:
a. Cyber forms of sex-related crimes are immune from prosecution.
b. Such behaviors have become increasingly difficult to enforce.
c. The Supreme Court holds that prostitution falls under Constitutional protection.
d. The public desires to purchase sexually related material and services.
Reintegrative shaming encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience
shame because of the harm they caused, and then be re-included in society. Which
theorist advanced this?
a. George Vold
b. Karl Marx
c. John Braithwaite
d. John Hagan
______________ law governs the regulation of city, county, state, and federal
government agencies.
a. substantive law
b. procedural law
c. civil law
d. administrative law
Rapists that are bound up in ritual in which they torment and torture their victims are
labeled:
a. sadistic rapists
b. anger rapists
c. gang rapists
d. power rapists
The critical role of a "merchant" in criminal transactions has been recognized since the
eighteenth century. A ______________ is a buyer and seller of stolen merchandise.
What are the characteristics of a high-risk lifestyle and how do these characteristics
contribute to one's risk of victimization?
The "missing cases phenomenon" is a validity concern present within the Uniform
Crime Report.
Discuss the nature and extent of spousal abuse. Provide at least four predictive factors
of spousal abuse.
Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of an impulsive
personality.
The goal of the crime control model is speedy, efficient justice.
Robbers who rob to obtain small amounts of money when an accessible target presents
itself are called ________________.
Instrumentalists view the criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an
instrument for controlling the elite members of society.
Advocates of the __________________ model believe in individualized justice,
treatment, and rehabilitation of offenders and view themselves as protectors of civil
rights.
Theft is a phenomenon unique to modern times; the theft of personal property has not
been known throughout recorded history.
A large portion of auto thieves steal cars to use in other crimes, such as robberies and
thefts.
Identify five reasons why people commit arson for profit.
According to ____________, people who drink, use drugs, and engage in crime, have a
much greater chance of victimization.
Identify and discuss four legal rights a defendant has during trial.
The product that results from the creation and distribution of pornography in which
virtual children are indistinguishable from real children is known as ______________.
