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The term terrorist first became popular during what event?
a. The French Revolution
b. The assassination of Julius Caesar
c. The American Revolution
d. War of 1812
Crime reduction efforts in one locale may reduce crime in another area. This is known
as _________________.
The process of holding and physically abusing enemy agents in secret prisons around
the world without the benefit of due process is known as
a. detainment
b. rendition
c. torture
d. terrorism
Which of the following is not accurate pertaining to what is known about bail?
a. Bail penalizes indigent offenders who do not have the means to pay bond.
b. Failing to make bail appears to increase the risk of being convicted and the degree of
punishment received.
c. Most states place no limit on the amount of bail that may be imposed.
d. The right to bail comes from the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution.
Race based economic disparity can take a terrific toll. Among research findings
regarding the plight of minorities, which of the following statements is false?
a. If they do commit crime, minority youth are more likely to be officially processed to
the juvenile court than Caucasian youths.
b. More than 50% of black males in inner cities dropout of high school.
c. One in 30 black males between the ages of 20-24 is behind bars.
d. One in 100 black women in their mid- to late-30s is incarcerated.
Cyber vandals are generally more motivated by what?
a. thrill
b. need
c. greed
d. malice
Prostitutes who move around in groups of two or three to lumber, labor, and agricultural
camps are known as:
a. b-girls
b. hookers
c. circuit travelers
d. skeezers
Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance
of being victimized. Such places are termed:
a. hot targets
b. hot spots
c. suitable targets
d. chronic spots
Why is there strong economic pressure to grant probation to serious felony offenders?
a. Because treatment and rehabilitation programs can be coupled with probation, which
result in cost effectiveness.
b. Because probation consistently results in an 80-90% success rate and is, therefore,
money well spent.
c. Because it costs less than incarceration making it extremely attractive to policy
makers.
d. Because prison overcrowding has resulted in federal funding cuts to other alternative
sentencing programs.
The death penalty has long been one of the most controversial aspects of the justice
system. It is known that executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders
being committed, rather than deterring new murders. This increase is a consequence
referred to as:
a. inevitable consequence
b. execution ramification
c. execution artifact
d. brutalization effect
Which of the following does not fall under the category of political terrorists?
a. Black Panthers
b. Jemaah Islamiyah
c. Aryan Nation
d. Posse Comitatus
A criticism of the nonintervention model is that alternative programs may result in:
a. increased taxes due to costs associated with alternative programs.
b. disrespect for a criminal justice system viewed as 'soft" by offenders
c. an eventual increase in crime when programs fail
d. widening the net instead of removing people from the system
The abuse-crime phenomenon known as the cycle of violence impacts:
a. boys more than girls
b. girls more than boys
c. girls and boys equally
d. girls and boys equally but only if they experienced abuse prior to the age of ten
What theory or hypothesis focused attention on the social and economic role of women
in society and its relationship to female crime rates?
a. gender theory
b. the masculinity hypothesis
c. the chivalry hypothesis
d. liberal feminist theory
When friends or parents demonstrate their disapproval of crime it is known as:
a. aging-out and desistance occur
b. disassociations occur
c. anomie occurs
d. definitions unfavorable toward criminality occur
The term prostitution derives from the Latin prostituere, which means:
a. "to do temple duty"
b. "to cause to stand in front of"
c. "to honor Aphrodite"
d. "to make temple payment"
The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods that exceed wages in
value is known as:
a. surplus profit
b. surplus value
c. surplus efficiency
d. surplus production
Theorists who view the law is used to maintain the long-term interests of the capitalist
system and to control members of any class who threaten its existence are known as:
a. instrumentalists
b. peacemakers
c. left realists
d. structuralists
Indications are that the traditional organized crime syndicates are:
a. thriving and gaining "membership"
b. eroding and in decline
c. maintaining stability but only in large city "territories"
d. virtually nonexistent having been replaced by newer ethnic gangs
Obscenity is derived from the Latin caenum, for:
a. "nudity"
b. "bareness"
c. "paraphilia"
d. "filth"
Which is viewed by the offender as a criminal benefit of cyber theft?
a. It offers the luxury of anonymity.
b. It offers far less competition from other thieves.
c. It offers the assurance of a light sentence if arrested and convicted.
d. It offers the assurance of non-arrest.
Which goal of punishment is aimed at reducing future criminality by treating and
eliminating the underlying causes of crime?
a. rehabilitation
b. diversion
c. retribution
d. restoration
_____________________ is the result of working and middle-class families leaving the
inner-city and taking with them their financial and institutional resources and support,
thus isolating the poor in inner-city, deteriorated ghettos
a. culture conflict
b. gentrification
c. concentrated poverty
d. collective efficacy
The ________________________ acted as a citizen's advocate group and kept track of
the activities of local justice agencies. With its creation, the work of the criminal justice
system began to be recognized.
a. Wickersham Commission
b. Chicago Crime Commission
c. American Bar Association
d. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice
What do we know about systematic check forgers?
a. They are risk prone when faced with a situation that is unusually stressful for them.
b. They constitute a relatively large segment of the total population of check forgers.
c. They make a substantial living by cashing bad checks.
d. They are usually isolated people, unsuccessful in their personal relationships.
What goals do political criminals hope to achieve?
a. profit, respect, and control
b. intimidation, conviction, and revolution
c. equality, acceptance, and respect
d. acceptance, power, and authority
Which of the following is not among the characteristics that increase the potential for
victimization?
a. target vulnerabiity
b. target gratifiability
c. target ecology
d. target antagonism
Wilson and Herrnstein's model assumes that both __________________________traits
influence the crime"noncrime choice.
a. biological and psychological
b. biological and sociological
c. sociological and psychological
d. neurological and psychological
______________ crimes involve a wide range of actions and outcomes that harm the
environment and that stem from decisions about what is produced, where it is produced,
and how it is produced.
a. Green-collar
b. White-collar
c. Blue-collar
d. Yellow-collar
What statement is false as a critique of social control theory?
a. Adolescents who report high levels of involvement, which should reduce
delinquency, actually report high levels of criminal behavior.
b. Attachment to deviant peers decreases the likelihood of criminality.
c. Social control theory is better able to explain minor delinquency than more serious
criminal acts.
d. Delinquent youths' friendship patterns seem quite close to those of conventional
youth.
When factoring in costs associated with the justice system and treatment, the total loss
due to crime amounts to _____________.
a. $30 billion dollars
b. $128 billion dollars
c. $$160 billion dollars
d. $450 billion dollars
The wealth concentration effect is unique to the United States.
What are the elements of the justice model and the concerns of its advocates?
Apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions, such as schools,
government agencies, and the police mark the _____________.
______________ occurs when the rules expressed in the criminal law clash with the
demands of group conduct norms.
Political crime undermines existing governments and threatens their survival.
According to Bentham's ___________________________, people choose to act after
weighing the costs and benefits and determining that their actions will bring them more
pleasure than pain.
Instrumental crimes are committed by those who are unable to obtain desired goods and
services through conventional means.
When the Supreme Court decides to hear a case it usually grants a writ of certiorari
requesting a transcript of the case proceedings for review.
According to Robert Agnew, ______________states that individuals who feel stress and
strain are more likely to commit crimes
Inmates have always had the right to secure proper medical attention.
Theories are based on social facts that are observed and can be consistently quantified
and measured.
To deter people from committing more serious offenses, Beccaria believed punishment
should be lenient.
Conflict promotes crime by creating a social atmosphere in which the_________ is a
mechanism for controlling dissatisfied, have-not members of society while the wealthy
maintain their power.
Compare the relationship between identity theft and phishing ?
__________________ are individuals who take part in a civil war against a sovereign
power that holds control of the land or over issues of ideology and power who may rely
on violence or nonviolence.
Drug use is not a new concept. Mesopotamian writings indicate that __________ was
used 5,000 years ago " it was known as the "plant of joy."
