For the government to prove tax fraud, the minimum dollar amount that must be
involved is:
a. $50
b. $100
c. $1000
d. there is no minimum dollar amount
People become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and
they accept those labels as a personal identity. This is part of the:
a. social reinforcement theory
b. social learning theory
c. social control theory
d. social reaction theory
A research approach that asks participants to describe their recent and lifetime criminal
activity is termed:
a. field observation
b. cross-sectional research
c. a self-report survey
d. meta-analysis
When deterrence measures convince would be criminals that the risk of committing a
particular crime is just too great, offenders adapt in various ways. Of the following,
which is not one of those ways?
a. The offender reduces the number of crimes committed.
b. The offender commits more serious crimes, assuming if caught, the punishment
would be no worse than for somewhat lesser crimes.
c. The offender takes actions to reduce detection and apprehension.
d. The offenders commit the same crime at a different place or time.
The evaluation of parole has produced some disturbing findings. Federal surveys
indicate that about ___________ of all released inmates are rearrested for committing a
felony or serious misdemeanor within three years of leaving prison.
a. 15%
b. one-quarter
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of:
a. apprehension and punishment
b. social control
c. order maintenance
d. crime prevention
Grand jury procedures and preliminary hearings are held to determine if there exists
____ for a suspect to stand trial.
a. plausible cause
b. sufficient reason
c. probable cause
d. sufficient cause
Studying the correction and control of known criminal offenders is:
a. criminal statistics
b. the sociology of law
c. theory construction
d. penology
Abnormal levels of these male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been
linked to brain seizures and emotional volatility.
a. androgens
b. glycogens
c. endorphins
d. endogens
Situational inducements, such as the thrill or relieving stress, which directly precede the
commission of a crime, and draw offenders into law violations are called
____________.
a. boosters
b. seductions of crime
c. encouragement
d. edgework
A small group of offenders who begin their career at an early age and then continue to
offend well into adulthood are known as:
a. adolescent-limiteds
b. life-course persisters
c. adolescent-diminishers
d. social-persisters
According to the typology of professional thieves, which of the following do
professional thieves engage in?
a. pick-pocketing
b. shoplifting
c. stealing jewels
d. joyriding
Guardians who monitor targets, handlers who monitor potential offenders, and
managers who monitor places are ____________ who have varying levels of
responsibility and research indicates they impact crime rates.
a. crime discriminators
b. crime deterrents
c. crime depressors
d. crime discouragers
A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed
and applied, depending on the offenders. This is known as:
a. differential reinforcement
b. differential enforcement
c. differential association
d. differential control
Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates __________ between 1960-1980 because the
number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased
female participation in the workforce.
a. decreased
b. skyrocketed
c. remained stable
d. increased
The rules that govern day-to-day living conditions within a subculture are known as:
a. policies
b. focal concerns
c. middle-class measuring rods
d. conduct norms
A potent theme of violence that influences lifestyles, the socialization process, and
interpersonal relationships is known as:
a. cultural retaliatory homicide
b. subculture of violence
c. disputatiousness
d. brutalization process
What cyber crime has been committed when a person illegally uses the Internet to
gather information that is considered private and confidential?
a. cyber terrorism
b. cyber spying
c. cyber stalking
d. cyber theft
Trials by ordeal were based on the principle that:
a. divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
b. oath-takers would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
c. physical characteristics would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
d. common law would not allow an innocent person to be harmed
According to latent trait theories, why are people who are antisocial during adolescence
the most likely to persist in crime?
a. because latent traits are stable
b. because adolescents tend to associate with deviant peers
c. because educational achievement is more difficult during an adolescent’s middle and
high-school years
d. because cognitive ability is fully formed by adolescence
These prostitutes are considered the least attractive, lowest paid, most vulnerable men
and women in their profession.
a. bar girls
b. brothel prostitutes
c. street walkers
d. call girls
Not being able to find a job, Jane Smith becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits
her unemployment office each month. On Jane’s most recent visit, she became verbally
abusive and threatening to the unemployment representative. Continuing her abusive
tirade, Jane stood up and leaned over the representative’s desk. In fear and frustration,
the unemployment representative hit Jane with a stapler that was on the desk. Jane’s
victimization in this case might be termed:
a. passive precipitation
b. active precipitation
c. aggressive precipitation
d. reactive precipitation
Which of the following is considered an extralegal factor that should not, but may,
influence sentencing outcomes?
a. the use of weapons
b. seriousness of the offense
c. race or ethnicity
d. prior criminal record
Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman’s concept of
____________ that suggests crime can be prevented via the use of residential
architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity.
a. permeability
b. accessibility
c. defensible space
d. target-hardening
____________ is the most common type of robbery, especially in urban areas.
a. Carjacking
b. Commercial robbery
c. Robbery on private premises
d. Robbery in an open area
__________ is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the
nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
a. Sociology
b. Criminal Justice
c. Criminology
d. Psychology
The view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various
organizations, institutions, and processes in society is referred to as:
a. social structure theory
b. social process theory
c. social conflict theory
d. development theory
A renewal stage in which obsolete housing is replaced and upgraded is known as:
a. gentrification
b. turnover
c. transition
d. revitalization
Insurgents, unlike terrorists, require the support of:
a. a significant portion of the population
b. a country or region’s military forces
c. rural guerillas and their militias
d. religious leaders favorable to their cause
The condition at the onset of the menstrual cycle that triggers excessive amounts of
hormones affecting antisocial, aggressive behavior is known as:
a. premenstrual syndrome
b. paranoia
c. postpartum depression
d. bipolar disorder
Which of the following statements does not reflect corporate culture theory?
a. Everyone else does it.
b. Business enterprises place excessive demands on employees.
c. Senior employees encourage new employees to believe that greed is good.
d. Companies maintain business climates tolerant of deviance.
Female burglars reported they would give up burglary once they settled down and
started a family.
A logic bomb, also called slag code, is a type of delayed-action virus that may be set off
when a program user makes certain input that sets the slag code in motion.
Advocates of the due process model suggest that to effectively deal with crime one
must attack its root causes.
Decision making and ______________ mark each stage of the criminal justice process.
Thus, the criminal justice system is similar to an assembly line.
The practice of ___________________ occurs when defendants are denied bail because
of the danger they present to the community.
Empirical research is relied on solely by critical criminologists.
______________________ allow the prosecution and defense to excuse jurors for no
particular reason or for an undisclosed reason.
Computer viruses and worms are types of __________.
Negative labels, such as being called a troublemaker, stigmatize the recipients of these
labels and reduce their self-image. Those who accept or internalize these labels are
more prone to engage in delinquent behaviors than those who do not.
The use of torture would be an example of a state political crime.
Self-report surveys can provide information on the personal characteristics of offenders,
such as their attitudes, values, beliefs, and psychological profiles.
In Johnson v. California, the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of prison inmates
based on race, in their cells or anywhere on prison grounds, is an inappropriate form of
racial classification.
A weakness of Shaw and McKay’s research was their reliance on official police records
to calculate neighborhood crimes rates.
LoJack systems do not reduce the likelihood of protected cars being stolen, but lead to a
higher recovery rates.
While short-term national economic trends may have little effect on crime, long-term
local unemployment rates may have a significant impact on conditions at the
neighborhood level.