Brock Biology of Microorganisms 14th Edition

Despite being called the reverse citric acid cycle, it is currently identified as the most ancient autotrophic pathway. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Although the sulfate-reducing bacteria are thought to be critical in the corrosion of metal structures, the mechanism of metal corrosion is not well understood. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE DNA vaccines

Which process produces a gaseous product that can be used as fuel to provide heat or power for a wastewater treatment plant? A) trickling filter secondary wastewater treatment B) aerobic secondary wastewater treatment C) anaerobic secondary wastewater treatment D) primary wastewater treatment Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following are NOT vectors important in

Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur? A) determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation B) developed enrichment culture techniques C) developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask D) developed the first rabies vaccine

Two eukaryotic organelles that are hypothesized to be the result of endosymbiosis are the ________ and the ________. A) nucleus / Golgi body B) mitochondrion / chloroplast C) endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi body D) hydrogenosome / chloroplast Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B To determine viable cell counts of a heat-sensitive bacterial isolate, which cell counting method

At present there are four phyla in the domain Bacteria. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Transposons can be found on many genetic elements, including plasmids, chromosomes, and viral genomes. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Both hydrophilic and charged molecules readily diffuse through the cytoplasmic membrane. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE The atmosphere of primitive Earth is

Bacteria that are capable of oxidizing both iron and sulfur usually have a strong preference for sulfur oxidation because it yields more energy. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Rhodobacter and Roseobacter are two genera with a common ancestor in Alphaproteobacteria. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Th17 cells are important in the first stages of

With increased levels of oxidizable materials, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) will A) increase. B) decrease. C) remain the same. D) increase or decrease depending on the nature of the materials involved. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Stable isotope probing (SIP) is a method that A) causes cells that hybridize with a fluorescent probe to fluoresce under

The single most important physical sign of primary syphilis is A) the chancre. B) a skin rash. C) paralysis. D) an acute eye infection. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Coccolithophores and foraminiferans both use ________ to form their exoskeletons. A) Si4+ B) Fe3+ C) Ca2+ D) HPO4- Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following is a mechanism of aminoglycosides? A) inhibition

The arrangement of Class II MHC proteins in pairs or trimers enhances their stability. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Several fluorogenic dyes can be used simultaneously in a sample as long as they each emit light at a different measurable wavelength. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE The proton motive force is most often generated

The rickettsias can be cultured in A) pure culture. B) artificial media. C) laboratory animals. D) pure culture, artificial media, and laboratory animals. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following are NOT substrates for methanogens? A) acetate and pyruvate B) carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and formate C) glucose and sucrose D) methanol, methylamine, and methylmercaptan Answer: C Answer: C Answer:

The number of Vibrio cholera cells necessary to produce cholera in an exposed individual is drastically reduced if the individual is malnourished. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Gut symbionts are lost after each molting a termite undergoes. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE In antigen binding, MHC protein binds to the T cell epitope, whereas

Reconstructing evolutionary relationships helps in differentiating between primitive and derived characteristics. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Th2 cells produce a cytokine that promotes growth and activation of other T cells and activates macrophages. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Poly--hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) is a carbon- and energy-storing polymer. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE In general, lipids in archaeal

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes produce exotoxins known as superantigens that bind to a site on the TCR that is outside the antigen-specific TCR binding site. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Acidic foods generally need a higher canning temperature than do nonacidic foods. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Cholera can be transmitted by water

Immunization against endemic diseases is NOT necessary when traveling outside of one's home country or region. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Tetanus is highly contagious through person-to-person contact. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Magnesium is not considered a growth factor for microorganisms, because growth factors are always organic compounds. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Iron-oxidizing bacteria

Which of the following sequences would be cleaved by a type II restriction endonuclease? A) TTGCCGA AACGGCT B) GGGGGGG CCCCCCCC C) GTAATG CATTAC D) GAATTC CTTAAG Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Restriction is A) the viral process whereby a host's DNA ceases normal functioning. B) the viral process whereby the virus prevents other viruses from entering the cell. C) a general host mechanism

The entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions is called a(n) A) array. B) genome. C) proteome. D) transcriptome. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Aseptic technique refers to A) the microbial inoculum placed into a test tube or onto a Petri plate. B) a series of practices to avoid contamination. C) the autoclave and other

Type II restriction endonucleases A) are heterodimers. B) natively function to methylate specific nucleotides and prevent foreign DNA from being incorporated into the genome. C) recognize nucleotide sequences that are palindromic. D) require ATP energy to cleave dsDNA. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Bacteria in the phylum ________ occur as elementary or reticulate bodies depending on their

FISH technology can employ only a single phylogenetic probe. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Thermoplasma grows either aerobically or anaerobically by sulfur respiration. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE The domains of life arose as barriers between gene exchange evolved between organisms. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Two organisms containing identical GC ratios are not necessarily related.

When does endospore formation commence? A) when bacterial growth ceases due to limitation of an essential nutrient B) when the bacterium is undergoing binary fission C) when bacteria are dividing exponentially D) following bacterial death Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A To verify a gene was cloned into a vector successfully, sequencing the vector as well as

The death phase applies to individual cells rather than populations. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Nitrogenases not only reduce N2 but also can act on acetylene (C2H2). Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE All TLR can react with only one specific PAMP. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE TCRs recognize epitopes only after the immunogens have been partially

Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for A) anthrax. B) fowl cholera. C) rabies. D) anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which is most abundant and active in divisome complexes? A) FtsZ B) DNA replication forks C) MinCD D) MreB Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D The most severe and fatal form of anthrax is A) cutaneous anthrax. B) inhalation anthrax. C) intestinal

Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms within the A) Crenarchaeota. B) cyanobacteria. C) iron-oxidizing bacteria. D) Proteobacteria. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D You are given an electron micrograph of a bacterial cell. In the micrograph you can clearly see three thin layers of different densities surrounding the cell. Based

The hyperthermophilic members of the Crenarchaeota branch very close to the root of the universal tree. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Oligotrophic organisms do NOT grow well under nutrient-replete conditions. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE The primary domains were founded based on comparative ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Beta-oxidation exclusively removes two

Cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG) is present in molar quantities in the cytoplasm of many hyperthermophilic methanogens. The function of this compound is to A) prevent rRNA misfolding. B) prevent chemical damage to DNA at high temperatures. C) counteract the effects of high osmotic environments. D) activate hydrogen gas. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C The killing of cells

Bacteria found in the mouth in the first years of life are well-adapted to biofilm formation. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Due to a chemical equilibrium, a syntrophic relationship can be disrupted if the product from the first partner's metabolism is removed too quickly. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Upper respiratory infectious agents are

The inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- are also A) opsonizing agents that coat foreign cells. B) activating cytokines that stimulate Th1 cells to replicate. C) capable of producing systemic fever by stimulating the release of prostaglandins in the brain. D) part of the complement system that results in the destruction of foreign cells.

The bacterium Escherichia coli comprises a significant fraction of the bacterial population in healthy adult humans, ranging from 10-50%. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE The lag phase does NOT occur if all the cells in the culture are viable. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Functional differences can be observed by using 16S rRNA gene

Archaea have a unique form of conjugation involving cytoplasmic bridges for bidirectional transfer of DNA. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE What is the main form of nitrogen found on Earth? A) N2 B) NO C) NO3- D) NH4 Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A You want to know whether the virulence genes present in Bordetella pertussis are evolutionarily

A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called a(n) A) endemic. B) epidemic. C) sporadic. D) pandemic. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Cholera is an example of a pandemic disease that A) has multiple wild animal reservoirs and is thus difficult to eradicate. B) spreads from a common source and could be

In natural samples it is often difficult to differentiate live cells from dead cells or cells from nonliving matter. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE The purpose of the enrichment culture technique is to enrich for organisms with specific physiological properties from

Some of the intestinal symptoms elicited by pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia are due to the presence of A) pseudomurein. B) S-layers. C) lipopolysaccharides. D) peptidoglycan. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Genes from different sources that are related in sequence due to shared evolutionary ancestry are called ________ genes, and groups of such genes

Reverse transcriptase is a(n) A) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. B) DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. C) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. D) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A The primer for retrovirus reverse transcription is a specific A) tRNA encoded by the cell. B) tRNA encoded by the virus. C) nuclear tRNA. D) nuclear tDNA. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Which of the following can

A chemoorganotroph and a photoautotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for A) oxygen. B) carbon. C) nitrogen. D) carbon and oxygen. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D The goal of tertiary wastewater treatment is to sharply reduce the levels of ________ from the final effluent. A) organic compounds B) heavy metals C) methane D) inorganic nutrients Answer: D Answer: D Answer:

Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for causing MOST foodborne diseases. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE RNA acts at both the genetic and the functional levels. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Thermoplasma metabolizes organic compounds leached from hot coal refuse. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Rabies infection in humans leads to symptoms a few days after exposure. Answer:

Genome assembly relies on A) accurate gene annotation. B) overlap of a large numbers of short sequences. C) codon bias. D) systems biology. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B The science that applies powerful computational tools to DNA and protein sequences for the purpose of analyzing, storing, and accessing the sequences for comparative purposes is known as A)

Diseases can be controlled through immunization even if the percentage of the population that is immunized is less than 100% because A) vectors can be controlled through other means. B) most diseases lack reservoirs. C) of herd immunity. D) vehicles can be sterilized. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in

While not all members of ________ are pathogenic, two medically relevant species cause meningitis and gonorrhea in humans. A) Enterobacter B) Neisseria C) Shigella. D) Staphylococcus Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Antibodies are found in A) milk. B) mucosal secretions. C) serum. D) milk, mucosal secretions, and serum. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D What would a fucoxanthin carotenoid stain

The incidence of HIV among hemophiliacs and transfusion recipients has remained constant since 1994. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Some virulence genes are carried on plasmids or lysogenic bacteriophages. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Except that they are not produced in the cytoplasm, conidia produced by Streptomyces spp. are chemically quite similar in composition

An individual can receive injections of an antiserum or purified antibodies derived from an immune individual. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Depending on the particular metabolism of a bacterium, electron transport can be used to energize and rotate ATP synthase. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Bacteria that degrade aromatic compounds with reductions steps rather than

Fungi are the main contributor to the biodeterioration of stone building materials and concrete wastewater distribution systems. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Knowledge of an organism's genome sequence yields important clues to how an organism functions and its evolutionary history. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE UV radiation is a useful tool in producing mutants

Legionella pneumophila is generally transmitted by A) contaminated food. B) contaminated drinking water. C) contaminated water in coolers, pools, and domestic water systems. D) personto-person contact. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Chemolithotrophy involves A) oxidation of organic compounds. B) oxidation of inorganic compounds. C) reduction of organic compounds. D) metabolic autotrophy. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Horizontal gene transfer A) is rare

Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called A) cellular differentiation. B) evolution. C) growth. D) transformation. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Transfer RNA molecules A) function to transfer ribonucleotides to RNA polymerase during transcription. B) function to transfer the correct amino acids to the ribosome during translation. C) contain codons that bind to ribosomes during

Anthrax is an emerging disease for which there is no treatment or vaccine available. Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Answer: FALSE Genomics analysis of recently isolated viruses indicate some viruses contain larger genomes than the some bacterial genomes. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE During elongation of a cell during binary fission, small gaps caused by transglycosylases

The amino acid composition of thermostable proteins is not particularly unusual, except for a bias for increased levels of amino acids that form -helices. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Tailed bacterial viruses can be used as

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Lambda is a temperate phage that infects Escherichia coli. B) Lambda is a linear double-stranded DNA phage. C) Lambda is replicated by the rolling circle mechanism. D) Lambda is a temperate phage that replicates its double-stranded DNA genome with a rolling circle mechanism. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Compared

A disease showing a relatively slow, progressive rise followed by a gradual decline in incidence is indicative of a(n) A) host-to-host epidemic. B) common source epidemic. C) biological weapon. D) endemic disease. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A When dealing with stable isotopes, enzymes tend to favor A) the lighter isotope. B) the heavier isotope. C) the isotopes in about

Single-cell genomics may help us A) predict which microbes will be abundant based on the environmental conditions. B) understand the physiology of uncultured microbes. C) develop better enrichment culture methods. D) understand the physiology of uncultured microbes and develop better enrichment culture methods. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Viruses that infect the hyperthermophilic Archaea tend to

The chlorophytes use both chlorophylls a and b for photosynthesis, which make them appear green. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE One important advantage of eukaryotic cells as hosts for cloning vectors is that they already possess the complex RNA and posttranslational processing systems required for the production of eukaryotic proteins. Answer: TRUE Answer: TRUE Answer: