The entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions is called a(n)
A) array.
B) genome.
C) proteome.
D) transcriptome.
Aseptic technique refers to
A) the microbial inoculum placed into a test tube or onto a Petri plate.
B) a series of practices to avoid contamination.
C) the autoclave and other sterilizing procedures.
D) cleanliness in the laboratory.
Which statement is TRUE?
A) YACs are more likely than BACs to undergo recombination and rearrangement.
B) BACs are more likely than YACs to undergo recombination and rearrangement.
C) YACs and BACs undergo recombination and rearrangement at about the same rate.
D) It is impossible to state with any certainty whether YACs or BACs are more likely to
undergo recombination and rearrangement, because environmental factors play a major
role in the probability of one or the other occurring.
Hantaviruses are related to viruses such as ________ and ________.
A) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Hepatitis C
B) Hepatitis A / Hepatitis B
C) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Influenza A
D) West Nile virus / Ebola virus
The vagina of adult female is
A) highly acidic.
B) highly alkaline.
C) weakly acidic.
D) weakly alkaline.
The consequence of an infection by a temperate bacteriophage is that the bacterial cell
A) lyses before it gets a chance to divide.
B) never lyses but continues to divide and replicate both the virus and the cell.
C) divides faster at moderate temperatures.
D) may lyse before it divides or may continue to divide and replicate both the virus and
the cell.
The MOST common source of individual foodborne botulism outbreaks are due to
consumption of
A) honey.
B) dairy products.
C) nonacid, home-canned vegetables.
D) egg and meat salads.
Which type of regulatory protein(s) is/are present in Archaea?
A) Activators that stimulate RNA polymerase activity are present in Archaea.
B) Repressors that block RNA polymerase activity are present in Archaea.
C) Both activators and repressors are present in Archaea.
D) Similar to regulation in Eukarya, Archaea lack bacterial-like regulators such as
activators and repressors and use transcription factors instead.
One widely used cladistic method of examining evolutionary relationships is ________,
which is based on the assumption that evolution is most likely to have proceeded by the
path requiring fewest changes.
A) topology
B) neighbor joining
C) parsimony
D) systematics
The number of Roseobacter in the ocean describes
A) species diversity.
B) species richness.
C) species abundance.
D) species prevalence.
What makes the metabolism of Ferroglobus interesting in the context of evolution?
A) Ferroglobus is an anaerobic iron-oxidizing chemolithotrophic autotroph that may
represent a key metabolism that allowed for the oxidation of ferrous iron without
molecular oxygen.
B) Ferroglobus can use H2 or H2S as electron donors in its energy metabolism and is
thermophilic, thus representing the earliest hypothesized forms of life.
C) Ferroglobus lacks cells wall and becomes encrusted in oxidized iron.
D) Ferroglobus is both an iron- and nitrate-reducer and is probably the last common
ancestor of all iron- and nitrate-reducing organisms.
Most known plant viruses have ________-strand RNA genomes, because small
genomes ________.
A) negative / facilitate cell-to-cell transfer
B) positive / facilitate cell-to-cell transfer
C) negative / interact more readily with host DNA
D) positive / interact more readily with host DNA
________ are microbial infections acquired by hospital patients with noninfectious
diseases because they are compromised hosts.
A) Healthcare-associated infections
B) Immunocompromised infections
C) Pathogenic infections
D) Virulent infections
An untreated Entamoeba histolytica infection can invade the
A) liver.
B) lungs.
C) brain.
D) liver, lungs, and brain.
Which of the following statements about chlamydial infections is TRUE?
A) Chlamydial diseases are not reportable diseases.
B) Chlamydial diseases are less prevalent than gonorrhea.
C) Chlamydial diseases can lead to acute complications.
D) All of the statements are true.
Streptocoocus pyogens utilizes M protein and ________ to form microfibrils that
facilitate attachment to host cells.
A) lipoteichoic acid
B) mucus
C) plaque
D) None of the answers are correct.
Reductive dechlorination is a process in which
A) the number of chlorine atoms present is reduced by oxygenase enzymes.
B) chlorinated organics are used as terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration.
C) carbon dioxide is the final end product.
D) xenobiotics are cometabolized with other reductive reactions.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the concentration of
Escherichia coli in public recreational waters as well as private swimming pools, spas,
and hot tubs to minimize waterborne disease outbreaks.
The MOST important potential common source of infectious disease is
A) industrial waste.
B) arthropod reservoirs found near surface water supplies.
C) water.
D) human and animal wastes.
Which of the following bacterial pathogens is found in water distribution systems?
A) Enterobacter aerogenes
B) Klebsiella pneumoniae
C) Legionella pneumophila
D) Vibrio cholerae
Middle eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by
A) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
B) the influenza virus.
C) a coronavirus.
D) a rhinovirus.
Which phylum harbors the MOST functional diversity observed and also has the MOST
cultured representatives?
A) Actinobacteria
B) Bacteroidetes
C) Firmicutes
D) Proteobacteria
Immunoglobulins and TCRs associate with adaptor molecules that have
A) a C domain.
B) immune-based tyrosine-activation motifs (ITAMs).
C) pathogen recognition receptors.
D) toll-like receptors.
The family of reoviruses contain dsRNA genomes that replicate from the template of
________ which makes it a ________ replication process.
A) only the positive ssRNA strand / conservative
B) only the positive ssRNA strand / semiconservative
C) both RNA strands /conservative
D) both RNA strands / semiconservative
The primary function of a phagocyte is to
A) destroy pathogens.
B) engulf pathogens.
C) evade pathogens.
D) both engulf and destroy pathogens.
The number of ill individuals within a population is referred to as
A) morbidity.
B) mortality.
C) residency.
D) prevalence.
Which of the following contribute to the limitless diversity generated from a relatively
fixed number of immunoglobulin genes?
A) hypermutation
B) random heavy and light chain reassortment
C) somatic recombination
D) hypermutation, random heavy and light chain reassortment, and somatic
recombination.
Which product of anoxic sewage treatment can be used to heat and power an entire
water treatment facility?
A) CO2
B) H2
C) CH4
D) O2
You would like to test the hypothesis that ammonia-oxidizing Archaea are more active
and abundant than ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria in coastal marine water. What
technique(s) or experiment(s) could you use to test this hypothesis?
A) environmental proteomics
B) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
C) stable isotope probing using 15N labeled ammonia
D) stable isotope ratios of ammonia and nitrite
Blood and lymph have the following in common EXCEPT
A) nucleated cells.
B) proteins.
C) red blood cells.
D) none of these
Human activities have disrupted the carbon cycle by
A) burning carbon stored as fossil fuels or biomass, thus increasing the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
B) decreasing the primary productivity of the oceans, resulting in increased atmospheric
carbon dioxide.
C) burning methane hydrates to produce electricity.
D) acidifying the ocean, resulting in the release of large amounts of dissolved carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
Which of the following would be the best strategy to prevent the spread of yellow fever
and dengue fever into the southern United States?
A) mosquito avoidance and eradication
B) vaccination
C) monitoring bird populations
D) tick avoidance