When does endospore formation commence?
A) when bacterial growth ceases due to limitation of an essential nutrient
B) when the bacterium is undergoing binary fission
C) when bacteria are dividing exponentially
D) following bacterial death
To verify a gene was cloned into a vector successfully, sequencing the vector as well as
________ are commonly performed.
A) agarose gel electrophoresis
B) fluorescence in situ hybridization
C) protein purification
D) northern blots
When solute is added to food products, the water activity (aw)
A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) remains the same.
D) initially increases and then decreases.
The antigen that induces an antibody or TCR is called the
A) homologous antigen.
B) heterologous antigen.
C) cross-reactive antigen.
D) immunogenic antigen.
The first cell type active in the innate response is usually a(n)
A) phagocyte.
B) erythrocyte.
C) fibroblast.
D) antibody.
During the biotransformation of a large molecular weight compound, two major
products are formed. While one of the products is catabolized, the other compounds
accumulation represses the biotransformation of the large compound. Which approach
is MOST likely to artificially enhance the biotransformation beyond this point in a
batch culture?
A) addition of an isoenzyme for the biotransformation route to increase its transcription
B) addition of inducer molecules into the medium to increase transcriptional repression
C) inclusion of more of an intermediate compound in the catabolic pathway
D) spike in additional activator proteins that control the transcription of this pathway
Which of the following is NOT a potential reason anoxic methane-oxidizing Archaea
have not also acquired the ability to reduce sulfate?
A) An individual electron acceptor such as sulfate is not always present where methane
is.
B) Minimizing the metabolic requirements of the archaeon’s genome size provides
flexibility to interact with other reducing bacteria, such as nitrate reducers.
C) The archaeon-bacterium relationship yields more energy from methane
oxidation/sulfate reduction when performed together than separately.
D) The methane-oxidizing Archaea will not easily acquire this metabolic capability
from the bacterial partner.
Some antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by disruption of translation through
interactions with the
A) ribosome.
B) protein.
C) DNA.
D) chromosome.
People who have a subclinical case of a disease are frequently ________ of a particular
disease.
A) fomites
B) carriers
C) vectors
D) vehicles
What occurs when an inducer is added to an environment containing an organism with a
metabolic pathway controlled by a repressor?
A) The inducer combines with the repressor and activates the pathway.
B) The inducer combines with the repressor and inactivates the pathway.
C) The inducer combines with the substrate and blocks induction.
D) The inducer does not combine with, but functions as a chaperone molecule for, the
enzyme-substrate complex.
The concentration of infectious plaque forming units (pfu) per volume of fluid is known
as the
A) infectivity.
B) virulence.
C) titer.
D) fluid infectivity.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria are a ________ that are found in ________ environments.
A) monophyletic group / anoxic
B) polyphyletic group / oxic
C) morphologically distinct group / anoxic
D) morphologically distinct group / oxic
Which disease test will show a false positive when immunized with the BCG attenuated
virus?
A) tuberculosis
B) whooping cough
C) diphtheria
D) pneumococcal pneumonia
Which stage of an acute infectious disease occurs between the time the organism begins
to grow in the host and the appearance of disease symptoms?
A) acute period
B) decline period
C) infection
D) incubation period
An individual usually expresses ________ structurally distinct allele(s) that encode
class I MHC proteins.
A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six
Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition,
particularly those of
A) carbon.
B) nitrogen.
C) sulfur.
D) carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Which of the following is/are transferred to daughter cells during cell division?
A) genomic DNA, the blueprint for everything the cell needs
B) individual genes and enzymes to later be brought together to form the genome
C) chromosome and enzymes to immediately begin cellular metabolism
D) chromosome, proteins, and all other cellular constituents
In a freshwater pond, a green alga is likely to be
A) colonial.
B) filamentous.
C) unicellular.
D) colonial, filamentous, multicellular, or unicellular.
Once cytoplasmic sensor proteins involved in chemotaxis regulation are
phosphorylated, a cascade of other phosphate-transferring mechanisms provide ATP
energy to rotate flagella.
Bacteriophage have a ________ complex structure than animal viruses, because
________.
A) more / bacteriophages must be coated by lipopolysaccharide to attach to bacterial
cells
B) less / the bacteriophage does not have to penetrate the nucleus
C) more / the bacteriophage must penetrate the peptidoglycan cell wall
D) less / there prokaryotic cells have a simple structure compared to eukaryotic cells
Microarrays can be used to
A) analyze global gene expression.
B) detect pathogens.
C) detect unwanted food additives or substitutes.
D) detect pathogens, analyze global gene expression, and detect unwanted food
additives or substitutes.
When comparing genes from Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, which statement is
TRUE?
A) Almost all archaeal genes are more similar to eukaryotic genes than to bacterial
genes.
B) Almost all archaeal genes are more similar to bacterial genes than to eukaryotic
genes.
C) Genes in Archaea involved in DNA replication, transcription, and translation are
more similar to those of Eukarya, while those encoding metabolic functions other than
information processing are more similar to those of Bacteria.
D) Archaeal genes are almost universally unique; very few are similar to either
eukaryotic or bacterial genes.
The Baltimore Scheme to classify viruses contains a total of ________ groups based on
________.
A) four / genome composition
B) four / genome composition and transcription mechanism
C) seven / genome composition
D) seven / genome composition and transcription mechanism
tRNA is released from the ribosome at the ________ site.
A) P
B) A
C) R
D) E
Chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidization is a metabolic requirement for members of
A) Nitrosomonas.
B) Nitropseudomonas.
C) Nitrosomonas andNitrosospira.
D) Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, and Nitropseudomonas.
Compare and contrast the chemical composition and structure of the cytoplasmic
membranes found in Bacteria and Archaea. What is the advantage of the archaeal
membranes in relationship to the types of environments many archaea inhabit?
Staphylococcus aureus is a common foodborne disease, because it
A) grows on common foods.
B) is present in some humans that work in food processing.
C) produces several heat-stable enterotoxins.
D) grows on many foods, is present in some humans that work in food processing, and
produces several heat-stable enterotoxins.
The microbial oxygen-consuming capacity of a water sample is called its
A) chemical oxygen demand.
B) biochemical capacity.
C) biochemical oxygen demand.
D) chemical capacity.
Diseases that are good candidates for eradication have
A) only a human reservoir.
B) no asymptomatic phase.
C) an environmental reservoir.
D) only a human reservoir and no asymptomatic phase.
What temperature is most commonly used for autoclaves to sterilize growth media and
other devices prior to experimentation?
A) 95C
B) 101C
C) 121C
D) 140C
Diversity is often ________ when ARISA or T-RFLP is used.
A) underestimated
B) overestimated
C) not represented
D) biased
Genes encoding ________ are widely used as target genes in molecular biodiversity
studies.
A) ATPases
B) DNA polymerase III
C) 16S rRNA
D) RNA polymerase
What is the infective form of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis?
A) cysts
B) trophozoites
C) merozoites
D) sporozoites
The ecological diversity of phototrophic bacteria is illustrated by the different
________ that allow them to perform photosynthesis in low light environments such as
deep in the ocean, in various sediments, and in thick layered mats.
A) nitrogen fixation strategies
B) bacteriochlorophyll and photosystems
C) specialized stalked cells
D) endospores and resistant cell types
The treatment regimen for people with normal immunity recovering from
cryptosporidiosis includes
A) multiple antibiotics.
B) antihelmenthic chemotherapy.
C) multiple antibiotics and careful monitoring of fluid levels.
D) oral rehydration only.