A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called a(n)
A) endemic.
B) epidemic.
C) sporadic.
D) pandemic.
Cholera is an example of a pandemic disease that
A) has multiple wild animal reservoirs and is thus difficult to eradicate.
B) spreads from a common source and could be controlled with adequate clean water
and waste sanitation measures.
C) is spread through direct contact and has only a human reservoir.
D) has recently emerged due to overcrowding in urban centers.
Shallow marine sediments are dominated by
A) Firmicutes.
B) Planctomycetes.
C) Proteobacteria.
D) Tenericutes.
Mu is a ________ virus with a ________ tail.
A) ssRNA / filamentous
B) dsRNA / helical
C) ssDNA / filamentous
D) dsDNA / helical
Activation energy is the energy
A) required to transform all reactants into their reactive state.
B) given off as the products in a chemical reaction are formed.
C) absorbed as ΔG0‘ moves from negative to positive.
D) needed by an enzyme to catalyze a reaction without coenzymes.
A halotolerant facultative anaerobic bacterium would grow BEST in a ________
environment.
A) oxygen depleted saline
B) oxygenated saline
C) oxygen depleted non-saline
D) oxygenated non-saline
________ is used to monitor gene expression of a pathogen.
A) Reverse transcription PCR
B) Serology
C) Antigen capture assay
D) Qualitative PCR
How do phototrophic microorganisms benefit when associating with corals?
A) Calcium and carbonate ions are released, which help buffer the pH and prevent
dramatic pH shifts.
B) The coral skeleton is used as a source of bicarbonate for the autotrophic growth of
the phototrophs.
C) The coral skeleton is an extremely efficient light-gathering structure that greatly
enhances light harvesting for photosynthesis.
D) The water’s temperature in and around the coral skeleton is much warmer.
The membrane of a gas vesicle is composed of
A) various phospholipids.
B) proteins.
C) carbohydrates.
D) both glycoproteins and phospholipids.
What are the consequences of a viral infection of an animal cell?
A) rapid lysis or latent infections
B) lysogeny followed by eventual lysis
C) lysis or lysogeny
D) Outcomes vary from rapid lysis to persistent infections, latent infections, or cancer.
An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents between hosts is most
appropriately called a
A) fomite.
B) carrier.
C) vector.
D) reservoir.
Which of the following functional groups would you expect to find in aerobic iron- and
sulfur-rich acidic mine drainage?
A) dissimilative iron-oxidizers
B) dissimilative iron-reducers
C) purple sulfur bacteria
D) purple sulfur bacteria and dissimilative iron-reducers
Which group of bacteria would you expect to find in a shallow clear hot spring with
high concentrations of geochemically produced hydrogen sulfide?
A) purple sulfur bacteria.
B) single-celled Cyanobacteria.
C) dissimulative sulfate-reducing bacteria.
D) symbiotic diazotrophs.
Which of those listed below is LEAST similar in what is measured and concluded?
A) fluorescence in situ hybridization
B) GFP fusion protein
C) Northern blot
D) RT-PCR
Louis Pasteur’s most famous success was his work on
A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
B) the rabies vaccine.
C) optical isomers.
D) cultivation of E. coli.
Ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidation generally occurs in environments with
A) alkaline conditions.
B) high H+ concentrations.
C) high oxygen content.
D) little or no light present.
________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch
is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and
specialized ________ are needed to make this a commercially available product.
A) Biodiesel / biotechnologists
B) Biodiesel / industrial microbiologists
C) Ethanol / biotechnologists
D) Ethanol / industrial microbiologists
Functional traits can be shared between organisms with divergent SSU rRNA sequences
because
A) functional traits may be lost by different lineages over time.
B) functional traits may evolve independently in different lineages over time.
C) horizontal gene transfer can result in the transfer of genes between divergent
lineages.
D) functional traits may evolve independently, be shared through horizontal gene
transfer, or be lost in divergent lineages.
Which of these statements is/are TRUE?
A) In general, prokaryotic organisms can grow at higher temperatures than eukaryotic
organisms.
B) The most thermophilic prokaryotes are species of Archaea.
C) Nonphototrophic organisms are able to grow at higher temperatures than
phototrophic organisms.
D) All of the statements are true.
Which of the following environmental and host factors influence the composition of
resident microflora on the skin?
A) age
B) personal hygiene
C) weather
D) age, personal hygiene, and weather
MacConkey agar and eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar are ________ media.
A) selective but not differential
B) differential but not selective
C) both selective and differential
D) neither selective nor differential
The most heavily colonized human organ by bacteria is the ________, containing
1011-1012 bacterial cells per g.
A) mouth
B) small intestine
C) large intestine
D) skin
Which of the following diseases CANNOT easily be controlled by vector elimination?
A) yellow fever
B) dengue fever
C) rabies
D) plague
Chemokines are a group of small proteins that
A) attract T cells to sites of injury.
B) function as chemoattractants for phagocytes and lymphocytes.
C) potentiate specific immune responses.
D) attract T cells, phagocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as potentiate specific immune
responses.
Which of the following is an important factor in the development of dental caries?
A) high salt diet
B) high sugar diet
C) high acid diet
D) low salt diet
What is the medium used in the membrane filter (MF) procedure to differentiate fecal
coliforms and Escherichia coli?
A) mannitol salt agar
B) eosin-methylene blue agar
C) triple sugar iron agar
D) blood agar
Two organisms that both benefit from each other are in a symbiotic relationship called
A) ammensalism.
B) commensalism.
C) mutualism.
D) parasitism.
The discovery of retroviruses changed our understanding of
A) gene structure and organization.
B) the flow of genetic information.
C) protein synthesis.
D) infectious particles.
Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the release of vasoactive products from mast cells
coated with
A) IgA.
B) IgE.
C) IgG.
D) IgM.
The Cyanobacteria are united by their ________, but their ________ is very diverse.
A) physiology / morphology
B) morphology / physiology
C) ecology / physiology
D) SSU rRNA sequences / physiology
Schistosoma and Plasmodium species both require
A) direct sexual contact for transmission.
B) immunocompromised hosts.
C) transmission by insect vectors.
D) two hosts to complete their life cycle and reproduce.
The principle behind salt or sugar preservation is to
A) introduce a mechanical barrier to microbial invasion.
B) reduce water activity (aw).
C) introduce a microbicide in anticipation of contaminating bacteria or fungi.
D) accomplish all of the described functions depending on the food being preserved.
All the following can cause contact dermatitis EXCEPT
A) jewelry.
B) latex gloves.
C) poison ivy.
D) superantigens.