The inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are also
A) opsonizing agents that coat foreign cells.
B) activating cytokines that stimulate Th1 cells to replicate.
C) capable of producing systemic fever by stimulating the release of prostaglandins in
the brain.
D) part of the complement system that results in the destruction of foreign cells.
Somatic hypermutation occurs only in the ________ regions of rearranged heavy and
light chains.
A) D
B) HV
C) J
D) V
Amino acid variability is especially apparent in several ________ in the V domains of
different immunoglobulins.
A) heavy chains
B) complementarity-determining regions (CDR)
C) peptide motifs
D) epitopes
The organism causing giardiasis is a
A) gram-negative spirochete.
B) flagellated protozoan.
C) retrovirus.
D) type of yeast.
Which bacterial genus is responsible for producing ferrous iron (Fe2+) in groundwater?
A) Alteromonas
B) Aquifex
C) Geobacter
D) Loktanella
In which of the following environments would you expect to find a high number of
iron-reducing bacteria?
A) acidic mine drainage
B) deep subsurface
C) open ocean
D) agriculture soil
A large number of cases of a particular disease observed in a relatively short period of
time in an area that previously experienced only sporadic cases of the disease is known
as a(n)
A) pandemic.
B) outbreak.
C) endemic.
D) zoonosis.
Inserting a kanamycin resistance cassette into a catabolic operon to confirm the gene is
essential in degradation of a particular compound would involve all of the following
EXCEPT
A) a reporter gene.
B) ligation.
C) recombination.
D) transformation.
Indirect EIA is used to detect
A) antigens.
B) antibodies.
C) viruses.
D) serum.
The topoisomerase ________ introduces positive supercoils in DNA, which stabilizes
DNA and prevents the DNA helix from denaturing at high temperatures.
A) reverse ligase
B) ligase
C) DNA gyrase
D) reverse DNA gyrase
Isolating a bacterium of the ________ class would be of high impact due to it only
having one cultured representative.
A) Alphaproteobacteria
B) Betaproteobacteria
C) Epsilonproteobacteria
D) Zetaproteobacteria
The peptides bound by a single MHC protein share a common
A) C domain.
B) peptide motif.
C) V domain.
D) nucleotide sequence.
Retinal in prokaryotes is part of
A) photosynthesis.
B) phototaxis.
C) light-driven ATP synthesis.
D) light-driven ATP synthesis and phototaxis.
Which feature of anaerobic and aerobic respiration is different between the two
catabolic strategies?
A) electron donor
B) electron acceptor
C) use of electron transport
D) use of proton motive force
Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?
A) The chloroplast is an ancestor of the cyanobacteria.
B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast.
C) The chloroplast arose from the incorporation of a cyanobacterial-like organism.
D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related.
Which type of viruses generally has the smallest genome?
A) bacteriophage
B) DNA viruses
C) RNA viruses
D) viroids
You have performed the following mating experiment using Hfr and F– strains of
Escherichia coli:
Hfr (thr+ leu+ gal+ strs) F– (thr– leu– gal– strr). Which of the following selective media
would you use to score recombinant colonies?
A) minimal medium
B) minimal medium + streptomycin
C) minimal medium + threonine
D) minimal medium + streptomycin + threonine
Which of the following represents increasing microbial diversity?
A) guild-community-population
B) population-guild-community
C) cell-community-population
D) community-guild-population
How are plasmids different than chromosomes?
A) Plasmids are always small, linear pieces of DNA.
B) Plasmids are composed of single-stranded DNA.
C) Plasmids contain genes that are NOT essential for cellular growth and replication.
D) Plasmids carry unimportant genes that are of little significance for the ecology and
metabolism of an organism.
The process by which two cells arise from one is known as
A) conjugation.
B) binary fission.
C) meiosis.
D) mitosis.
The most common of all nosocomial infections are ________ infections.
A) blood
B) reproductive tract
C) urinary tract
D) respiratory tract
Most prokaryotic cells reside
A) on Earth’s surface.
B) in lakes, rivers, and oceans.
C) in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals).
D) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
The causative agent of dengue fever is
A) Rickettsia prowazekii.
B) a flavivirus.
C) Borrelia burgdorferi.
D) Clostridium perfringens.
Purple sulfur bacteria are
A) alphaproteobacteria that oxidize hydrogen sulfide in the presence of oxygen or
nitrate.
B) gammaproteobacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for
photosynthesis.
C) a phylogenetically heterogeneous group of microbes that reduce sulfate to sulfur.
D) thermophilic bacteria that reduce elemental sulfur to sulfide.
The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of
A) industrial microbiology.
B) agricultural microbiology.
C) marine microbiology.
D) aquatic microbiology.
Spindle-shaped viruses have been shown to infect only
A) Eukarya.
B) Bacteria.
C) Archaea.
D) plants.
Bacterial symbionts most often provide marine invertebrates with
A) fixed nitrogen in the form of ammonia.
B) essential amino acids missing from the animal’s diet.
C) cellulolytic enzymes to help digest plant material.
D) fixed carbon dioxide in the form of organic compounds.
Applied microbiology deals with important practical problems in
A) medicine.
B) agriculture.
C) industry.
D) medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Diseases that suddenly become prevalent are referred to as ________ diseases.
A) indirect
B) emerging
C) vector
D) common source
A chemical that denatures proteins is MOST likely to be classified as a(n) ________
agent.
A) antiseptic
B) bacteriostatic
C) bacteriocidal
D) detergent
Sterility of a laminar flow hood is accomplished by filter-sterilized air passed through
the hood quickly enough that non-sterile air does not flow into the work area.
The metabolic diversity of photosynthetic bacteria stems from different
A) bacteriochlorophylls and pigments they contain.
B) chlorophylls they can have and organic compounds they can produce.
C) light-harvesting complexes, electron donors, and organic compounds they produce.
D) unrelated taxa capable of photosynthesis.