With increased levels of oxidizable materials, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
will
A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remain the same.
D) increase or decrease depending on the nature of the materials involved.
Stable isotope probing (SIP) is a method that
A) causes cells that hybridize with a fluorescent probe to fluoresce under UV light.
B) compares the isotopic ratios of different compounds in the environment to determine
whether they are of biological or geological origin.
C) uses substrates containing heavy isotopes to label the DNA of organisms that use
those substrates.
D) compares the transcription of specific isotope labeled genes under different
conditions.
The net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose fermented is
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 4.
D) 8.
Based on your understanding of metabolism, generalize when an enzyme’s rate of
activity can be changed.
A) before enzyme production
B) during enzyme production
C) after enzyme production
D) at any point”before, during, or after enzyme production
ALL viral particles
A) are metabolically inert.
B) are smaller than bacterial cells.
C) contain an envelope to prevent its degradation outside of a host.
D) exhibit cell lysis under a particular condition.
Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially
oxygenating Earth.
A) algae
B) Archaea
C) cyanobacteria
D) purple sulfur bacteria
During secondary aerobic wastewater treatment, some of the activated sludge goes
________ while the rest goes ________.
A) back to the aerator / to the anoxic sludge digestor
B) back to the primary system / to the aerator
C) to the anoxic digestor / back to the primary system
D) back to the primary system / to the tertiary digestor
Nitrogenase is a critical enzyme in the nitrogen cycle because it catalyzes the
A) assimilation of ammonia.
B) dissimilative reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas.
C) fixation of nitrogen gas into ammonia.
D) oxidation of nitrogen gas into nitrate.
Chlorosomes are present in purple bacteria but absent in green sulfur and nonsulfur
bacteria.
The specificity of certain rhizobia to infect only particular plants is in part due to the
A) abundance of nutrients present in the soil.
B) nifH genes they possess.
C) rhizobial lipids that act as signaling molecules.
D) season (time of year).
Communication between cells of the immune system is accomplished in many cases
through
A) allelic exclusion.
B) clonal deletion.
C) cytokines.
D) allelic exclusion, clonal deletion, and cytokines.
Polyphasic taxonomy uses methods that include
A) phenotypic methods.
B) genotypic methods.
C) phylogenetic methods.
D) phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic methods.
Snapping division is a hallmark trait of ________ which can be visualized under a
microscope by ________.
A) Actinobacteria / two adjacent cells linked, appearing as an M dividing into four
B) Actinobacteria / one cell appearing as a V dividing into two
C) Coryneform bacteria / two adjacent cells linked, appearing as an M dividing into
four
D) Coryneform bacteria / one cell appearing as a V dividing into two
Nitrogen fixation results in the
A) loss of biologically available N from an ecosystem.
B) formation of nitrogen gas.
C) direct formation of nitrate.
D) addition of biologically available N to an ecosystem.
Explain why an individual lymphocyte clone that interacts with a specific LPS
constituent of Salmonella will not react with the LPS of other bacteria.
A strain of an organism with an increased mutation rate is known as a(n)
A) adaptive mutagen strain.
B) hypermutable or mutator strain.
C) encoded dnaQ system.
D) phenotypic variation.
Pus formation in skin lesions caused by Staphylococcus aureus infections is in part due
to production of
A) coagulase.
B) hemolysins.
C) leukocidin.
D) catalase.
Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for
A) developing a smallpox vaccination.
B) identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis.
C) making an effective rabies vaccine.
D) developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the
causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine.
Riftia tube worms contain unusual hemoglobins that bind(s)
A) H2S and O2 in order to transport these chemicals to their bacterial symbionts.
B) high concentrations of O2 produced by their photosynthetic symbionts.
C) sulfate to transport this ion away from their bacterial symbionts.
D) ammonia that their bacterial symbionts produce.
The use of the Gram stain in microbiology is important because it differentiates
A) Bacteria from Archaea.
B) prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells.
C) bacterial cells with different types of cell walls.
D) archaeal cells with different types of metabolism.
Opportunistic pathogens such as Legionella, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium species
have the ability to grow within ________, which may enhance their ability to survive in
water distribution systems.
A) human saliva
B) fish
C) protists
D) UV irradiated water
The evolutionary origin of mitochondria is demonstrated by which of the following key
genomic characteristics?
A) variable numbers of protein-encoding genes
B) large stretches of AT-rich DNA
C) linear and circular genome structure in different organisms
D) rRNA genes most closely related to Bacteria
In general, which group is MOST resistant to radiation?
A) microscopic fungi
B) viruses
C) thermotolerant bacteria
D) spore-forming bacteria
Attenuation is a type of regulation that can control
A) allosteric enzyme activity.
B) transcriptional activity exclusively.
C) translational activity exclusively.
D) both transcriptional and translational activity.
Which of the following is NOT a common step in creating a genomic library?
A) Fragment DNA into small segments.
B) Hybridize DNA sequences to form inserts of a target size range.
C) Ligate DNA into vectors.
D) Transform the vectors into a host.
One of the many types of proteins found in the cytoplasmic membrane is involved in
the chemotactic response and is called a
A) hydrolytic enzyme.
B) chemoreceptor.
C) binding protein.
D) porin.
Radioisotopes are useful when
A) very high sensitivity is required.
B) turnover rates need to be determined.
C) the fate of portions of particular molecules need to be followed.
D) very high sensitivity is required, turnover rates need to be determined, and the fate
of portions of particular molecules need to be followed.
Which of the following would be used by a chemoorganotroph for energy?
A) C2H3O2
–
B) H2
C) CO2
D) H+
Which metabolic strategy is MOST common in chemolithotrophic mats?
A) ammonia oxidation
B) iron oxidation
C) nitrate reduction
D) sulfur oxidation
Prosthecae are an adaptation for
A) anaerobic growth.
B) cell differentiation under harsh conditions.
C) nitrogen fixation.
D) low nutrient aquatic environments.
What is the role of the vir genes on a Ti plasmid?
A) to cause crow gall disease (virulence)
B) to confer resistance to viral infection
C) replication of the plasmid
D) T-DNA transfer
The science of microbial ecology deals with
A) how microbial communities interact with each other and their environment.
B) microbial activity and biodiversity.
C) microbial gene regulation mechanisms in response to environmental change.
D) how the activity and biodiversity of microbial communities affect microbial
interactions with each other and the environment.
Which of the following filariases can be controlled by thoroughly cooking pork and
wild game?
A) elephantiasis
B) river blindness
C) trichinosis
D) schistosomiasis
Expression vectors are designed to ensure that ________ can be efficiently ________.
A) mRNA / transcribed
B) DNA / transcribed
C) mRNA / translated
D) DNA / translated