A chemoorganotroph and a photoautotroph in the same environment would NOT
compete for
A) oxygen.
B) carbon.
C) nitrogen.
D) carbon and oxygen.
The goal of tertiary wastewater treatment is to sharply reduce the levels of ________
from the final effluent.
A) organic compounds
B) heavy metals
C) methane
D) inorganic nutrients
Aside from using light as a source of energy, another important part of the functional
diversity of some bacterial phototrophs is their ability to
A) bioluminesce.
B) form prosthecate and stalked cells.
C) fix nitrogen gas.
D) degrade neurotoxins.
Organisms able to live in environments with high sugar concentrations are
A) halotolerant.
B) osmophiles.
C) xerophiles.
D) anaerobic fermenting bacteria.
Chromosomal islands contain clusters of genes for
A) DNA repair and replication.
B) virulence, biodegradation of pollutants, and symbiotic relationships.
C) catabolic and anabolic reactions.
D) antibiotic resistance.
Prior to rRNA sequencing and the use of molecular phylogeny, Bacteria and Archaea
were classified as in a single group of simple organisms called the Monera.
The complete second signal for B cell activation requires which of the following
interactions?
A) CD40-CK40L interaction
B) cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
C) TH-B cell interaction
D) All of these are necessary.
Which of the following is an example of one codon?
A) CATT
B) GCCATT
C) CAG
D) CCGUAA
Viral replication occurs
A) intracellularly.
B) extracellularly.
C) both intracellularly and extracellularly.
D) either intracellularly or extracellularly, depending on the virus involved.
Systematic analysis now commonly includes ________ to identify, characterize, and
determine relationships between new strains of bacterial species.
A) whole genome analysis
B) microscopy
C) staining
D) pigments
Amplification of chromosomal DNA from a single-cell is accomplished by
A) randomly initiating DNA replication throughout the chromosome.
B) creating thousands of primers that will prime DNA replication throughout the
chromosome.
C) creating complementary DNA from transcripts of a single-cell.
D) cloning fragments of the chromosome from the single-cell into a multi-copy
plasmid.
Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ________ the idea to use agar as a solidifying
agent.
A) Louis Pasteur
B) Ferdinand Cohn
C) Robert Koch
D) Sergei Winogradsky
The main bonds present in the C domain of antigen-binding proteins are
A) hydrogen bonds.
B) intrachain disulfide bonds.
C) ionic bonds.
D) van der Waals forces.
Which of the following is the causal agent of gastric ulcers?
A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Escherichia coli O157:H7
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) Vibrio cholerae
Fourth-generation sequencing methods no longer use ________ to detect nucleotide
incorporation.
A) mass
B) pH
C) charge
D) light
A drug targeting ________ would NOT be an effective antibiotic.
A) ZipA
B) FtsI
C) MreB
D) transpeptidation
Transcriptional regulators bind most frequently at the ________ site of DNA.
A) major groove
B) minor groove
C) histone complex
D) primary supercoil
The most abundant prokaryotic organism in the ocean is of the ________ genus.
A) Pelagibacter
B) Puniceispirillum
C) Roseobacter
D) Prochlorococcus
Class II MHC proteins have grooves with
A) closed ends.
B) open ends.
C) both open and closed ends.
D) neither open nor closed ends.
What would likely occur if an anammox bacterium was unable to use ladderane lipids?
A) Ammonium rather than ammonia would be used due to ammonia toxicity to other
cellular processes.
B) It would require a different source for carbon assimilation.
C) Rates of anammox would be considerably slower due to a lack of localized
metabolism.
D) Reactive nitrogen species would kill the cell.
A researcher lacked the necessary equipment to measure methane production so instead
monitored CO2 concentration as the unknown archaeon grew and produced methane.
Why might CO2 NOT decrease but methane still increase?
A) An alternative carbon source such as methanol was used.
B) CO2 is not a carbon source used by methanogens.
C) CO2 was used an electron donor but not as a carbon substrate.
D) Methanogenic Archaea containing carboxysomes likely made measuring small
losses of CO2 difficult to conclude.
Murine toxin is a ________ that plays a role in both the murine and human forms of the
disease.
A) Yersinia pestis endotoxin
B) Rickettsia prowazekii endotoxin
C) Yersinia pestis exotoxin
D) Rickettsia prowazekii exotoxin
DNA replication is started with a(n) ________, which, in most cases, in vivo is a short
stretch of ________.
A) promoter / DNA
B) mRNA / RNA
C) primer / RNA
D) ribosome-binding sequence / DNA
If ΔG0‘ is negative, the reaction is
A) exergonic and requires the input of energy.
B) endergonic and requires the input of energy.
C) exergonic and energy will be released.
D) endergonic and energy will be released.
Why did the H1N1 strain of influenza virus cause a pandemic in 2009?
A) The H1N1 virus had a mutation that increased the mortality associated with
infection.
B) The H1N1 virus had a mutation that increased the basic reproduction number of the
virus.
C) The H1N1 virus underwent a significant antigenic shift compared to other
circulating strains of influenza.
D) The H1N1 virus acquired a new gene from pigs that resulted in increased virulence.
The primary disease reservoir for plague is
A) fleas.
B) humans.
C) rats.
D) mosquitoes.
Microarrays are useful for assessing
A) gene expression.
B) enzyme activity.
C) the presence of specific rRNA sequences.
D) gene expression and the presence of specific rRNA sequences.
Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA-based tree of life.
A) Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA.
B) Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced.
C) They can infect other organisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons.
D) They lack ribosomal RNA.
The path of electron flow in oxygenic phototrophs is referred to as the ________
scheme.
A) E
B) S
C) Q
D) Z
The MOST common route of transmission of Salmonella typhi worldwide is through
A) contaminated food.
B) contaminated water.
C) direct contact.
D) insect vectors.
Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
A) systemic lupus erythematosus
B) anaphylaxis
C) juvenile diabetes
D) multiple sclerosis
Which statement is TRUE of methanogenic and extremely halophilic Archaea?
A) The methanogens are obligate aerobes; the extreme halophiles are obligate
anaerobes.
B) The methanogens are obligate anaerobes; the extreme halophiles are mostly obligate
aerobes.
C) Both the methanogens and the extreme halophiles are obligate aerobes.
D) Both the methanogens and the extreme halophiles are obligate anaerobes.
Most mesophilic organisms can grow in a temperature range of
A) 0-15C.
B) 10-20C.
C) 20-40C.
D) 50-65C.
Differentiate between T-cytotoxic (TC)cells and T-helper (TH) cells.
Explain why cellular cannibalism is beneficial for sporulating Bacillus subtilis.
What is the primary cause of viral hemorrhagic fever in the United States? What is the
typical cause of death for this disease?
Where is the thermosome found, and what is its apparent role?
Thiobacillus species are acidophilic chemolithotrophs capable of autotrophic growth.
They perform the dissimilative oxidation of H2S, So, thiosulfate, or Fe+2. Diagram or
explain how Thiobacillus species obtain carbon and energy for growth and predict what
type of environment they would be found in.
What is an endolithic algal community? Where are these found, and how do they
survive?
Viruses variously depend on their host cell for parts of the viral replication and
maturation process. Many viruses do however encode for some enzymes that facilitate
certain steps or virus-specific processes for viral replication and maturation. Which
cellular processes and enzymes do ALL viruses lack and must therefore ALWAYS be
supplied by the host cell?
When trying to make a mammalian protein in a bacterium, expression vectors are often
used. Using your knowledge of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genetics, explain why
expression vectors are so important.
Even to a well-trained microbiologist, isolates of Streptomyces when grown on a
nutrient agar plate can appear as though they are fungi. Describe key similarities of how
these two unrelated groups can so easily be mistaken for each other, and then propose
methods to conclusively distinguish between them.
Using specific examples, when is it appropriate to use CARD-FISH rather than the
traditional FISH method and vice-versa?
Why does Halobacterium pump large quantities of K+ cations into its cytoplasm from
the environment? What would happen if Halobacterium did not do this?
Explain why organisms undergoing rapid evolutionary change often contain relatively
large numbers of mobile DNA elements, whereas once organisms settle into a stable
evolutionary niche, most of these mobile elements are lost.
Chromosomal islands are presumed to have a “foreign” origin based upon three
observations. What are these observations and how do they indicate that chromosomal
islands are “foreign” in origin?
Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in
higher organisms.
Compare and contrast two different ecological strategies that sulfide-oxidizing bacteria
use to access sulfide and oxygen.
What is coral bleaching and how might corals be able to adapt to avoid the destruction
of coral reefs?
What are the different categories of exotoxins, and how do they function?
Provide a reason for the ecological importance of pelagic Bacteria and Archaea.