The rickettsias can be cultured in
A) pure culture.
B) artificial media.
C) laboratory animals.
D) pure culture, artificial media, and laboratory animals.
Which of the following are NOT substrates for methanogens?
A) acetate and pyruvate
B) carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and formate
C) glucose and sucrose
D) methanol, methylamine, and methylmercaptan
The ratio of the vapor pressure of the air in equilibrium with a substance to the vapor
pressure of pure water is known as
A) water activity.
B) vapor activity.
C) positive water balance.
D) osmosis.
Which antibodies bind complement?
A) IgA
B) IgB
C) IgM
D) IgC
Which organisms form the foundation of the carbon cycle?
A) anaerobic chemolithotrophs
B) chemoheterotrophs
C) chemoorganotrophs
D) phototrophs
The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from
A) microorganisms.
B) plants.
C) animals.
D) plants and animals together.
Animal diseases transmissible to humans are known as
A) vectors.
B) zoonoses.
C) ferals.
D) radicals.
The process by which white blood cells ingest and kill bacteria is called
A) exocytosis.
B) transcription.
C) phagocytosis.
D) translation.
How would you design an sRNA to bind to a sequence?
A) select six continuous nucleotides from the sequence
B) take the complementary sequence of six continuous nucleotides
C) select 200 continuous nucleotides from the sequence
D) take the complementary sequence of 200 continuous nucleotides
Integration of Mu DNA into the host genome is essential for
A) lytic growth.
B) lysogenic growth.
C) both lytic and lysogenic growth.
D) neither lytic nor lysogenic growth.
Which of the following is NOT a sign of scarlet fever?
A) fever
B) rash
C) sore throat
D) impetigo
Giardia intestinalis and Trichomoniasis vaginalis lack ________ and have ________.
A) a flagellum / cilia instead
B) mitochondria / an anaerobic metabolism
C) a cell wall / a rigid cell membrane
D) cysts / sporozoites instead
Groups of cells derived from a single parent cell by successive cell divisions are known
as microbial ________ and which live in environments known as microbial ________.
A) communities / habitats
B) communities / ecosystems
C) populations / habitats
D) populations / ecosystems
Which of the following pathogens does NOT require capsules or a slime layer for
attachment?
A) Vibrio cholera
B) Streptococcus pneumonia
C) Bacillus anthracis
D) All of these pathogens require capsules or slime layers for attachment.
When packaged in the virion, the complete complex of nucleic acid and protein is
known as the virus
A) capsid.
B) concatemer.
C) nucleocapsid.
D) envelope.
An ecosystem includes ________ along with ________.
A) macroorganisms / microorganisms
B) living organisms / their chemical and physical environments
C) pathogenic organisms / non-pathogenic organisms
D) single celled organisms / multi-cellular organisms
The green alga Botryococcus braunii is a candidate for production of biofuel due to its
ability to produce
A) and withstand large amounts of alcohols.
B) hydrogen gas.
C) long-chain (C30C36) hydrocarbons.
D) short-chain (C8C14) hydrocarbons.
Which of the following can cause allergy symptoms and inflammation by
degranulation?
A) dendritic cells
B) erythrocytes
C) macrophage
D) polymorphonuclear leukocyte
If the hypothesis stating viruses evolved prior to living organisms on Earth is true, the
first type of viruses in the world were likely
A) bacteriophage.
B) DNA viruses.
C) retroviruses.
D) RNA viruses.
Antigen exposure is necessary to
A) induce genetic hypermutation in B cells with productive antibody genes.
B) stimulate B cell to differentiate to plasma cell.
C) stimulate B cell to produce soluble antibodies.
D) stimulate B cell differentiation, antibody production, and genetic hypermutation of
antibody genes.
Interaction of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) with a pattern
recognition receptor (PRR) results in
A) formation of transmembrane pores that cause cell lysis.
B) transmembrane signal transduction that initiates transcription of genes involved in
phagocytosis, inflammation, and pathogen killing.
C) molecular activation of the adaptive immune system.
D) a superantigen reaction that can cause septic shock.
Coliforms in a water sample indicate ________ contamination.
A) fecal
B) industrial or chemical
C) arthropod
D) All of the answers are correct.
Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli usually express
A) capsules.
B) colonization factor antigens (CFA).
C) plaques.
D) slime layers.
Why is it necessary to have a standard for the interpretation of stable isotope ratios?
A) A standard is necessary to calculate how much radioactivity was added to a sample.
B) A standard is necessary to determine the stable isotope ratio in the absence of
biological activity.
C) A standard is necessary to determine the weight of each isotopes.
D) A standard is necessary to determine the age of the sample.
The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with
A) eukaryotic cells.
B) nutrient transport.
C) chemotaxis.
D) clustering of certain rod-shaped bacteria.
A cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR and
A) a heterologous antigen.
B) a homologous antigen.
C) either a heterologous or homologous antigen.
D) None of these are correct.
Proteins made by a ribosome reading through a transcript’s stop codon without their
own discrete ribosome binding sites
A) are thought to be a primitive mechanism to avoid host defenses.
B) appear most abundant in archaeal viruses and relatively uncommon in
bacteriophage.
C) suggest a relatively low level of protein product is essential for the virus due to its
rare frequency.
D) create opportunities for viruses to make different capsid proteins.
RubisCO converts ribulose bisphosphate and CO2 into two molecules of
3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).
Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics are favored over metagenomics when
________ is of more interest than ________.
A) gene presence / phylogeny
B) phylogeny / gene presence
C) function or gene expression / gene presence
D) gene presence / function or gene expression
Methylene blue in EMB agar is selective for
A) gram-positives.
B) gram-negatives.
C) viral plaques.
D) both gram-positives and gram-negatives.
Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of
phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains
A) pseudopeptidoglycans.
B) lipoteichoic acids.
C) poly-β-hydroxybutyric acids (PHB).
D) lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Normal flora in the duodenum are
A) similar to the microflora in the stomach.
B) dominated by aerobic organisms.
C) tolerant to alkaline environments.
D) tolerant to high salinity.