Which of the following sequences would be cleaved by a type II restriction
endonuclease?
A) TTGCCGA
AACGGCT
B) GGGGGGG
CCCCCCCC
C) GTAATG
CATTAC
D) GAATTC
CTTAAG
Restriction is
A) the viral process whereby a host’s DNA ceases normal functioning.
B) the viral process whereby the virus prevents other viruses from entering the cell.
C) a general host mechanism to prevent the invasion of foreign nucleic acid.
D) a general host mechanism to prevent virus particles from further infective action.
Archaea and Bacteria are unified as prokaryotes in lacking ________ which Eukarya
contain, such as golgi.
A) membranes
B) nuclei
C) membrane-enclosed organelles
D) nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles
Thermostable proteins tend to have additional features that improve thermostability.
Which of the following is NOT one of these features?
A) increased ionic interactions on the protein surfaces
B) highly hydrophilic cores
C) decreased tendency of the protein to unfold
D) highly hydrophobic cores
The 16S rRNA sequence is an approximately 1,500 bp linear strand of single stranded
RNA.
What is an average concentration of prokaryotic cells along the surface of pelagic
water?
A) 104 cells/ml
B) 106 cells/ml
C) 108 cells/ml
D) 1010 cells/ml
Which of the following does NOT affect pathogen growth?
A) availability of microbial nutrients
B) pH
C) temperature
D) doubling time
When dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is aerobically degraded in a marine
environment, which product is most often used to support growth?
A) acrylate
B) dimethyl disulfide
C) dimethyl sulfoxide
D) methanethiol
Infectious hepatitis is caused by infection with hepatitis ________ virus.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E
Winogradsky columns are used primarily for enrichment of
A) aerobic cultures, although occasionally anaerobes do appear.
B) anaerobic cultures, although occasionally aerobes do appear.
C) aerobes, anaerobes, and phototrophs.
D) phototrophs, although occasionally heterotrophs do appear.
The secondary lymphoid organs consist of the following EXCEPT
A) lymph nodes.
B) mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
C) spleen.
D) All of these organs are secondary lymphoid organs.
The taxonomy of the methanogens is based on
A) phenotypic analysis.
B) phylogenetic (comparative nucleic acid sequencing) analysis.
C) phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses.
D) neither phenotypic nor phylogenetic analysis.
Where within a eukaryotic cell is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesized?
A) cytoplasm
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) nucleolus
Methanogens that use methyl-CoM for biosynthesis use ________ as a substrate.
A) acetate
B) carbon monoxide
C) methane
D) methanol
Which statement is TRUE?
A) All viruses contain their own nucleic acid polymerases.
B) Many viruses contain their own nucleic acid polymerases.
C) Viruses do not contain their own nucleic acid polymerases.
D) The origins of the nucleic acid polymerases used by viruses are eukaryotic.
Methanogens
A) produce methane as a part of their energy metabolism.
B) utilize methane as an energy source.
C) process and store methane to detoxify it.
D) produce, utilize, and detoxify methane.
Which term is most relevant in describing the efficacy of an antimicrobial for use in a
clinical setting?
A) effective dose
B) sterilization coefficient
C) lethal dosage
D) minimum inhibitory concentration
Which of the following does NOT apply to bacterial pathogens affecting the respiratory
tract?
A) Humans are the only reservoir for most bacterial respiratory pathogens.
B) Most are normally transmitted person to person.
C) Some often initiate secondary infections that can be life threatening.
D) Most respiratory bacterial pathogens do not respond to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory in which Ebola virus is studied would be classified as a BSL-________
laboratory.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Predict the properties of viral populations in the human colon given that the colon
contains a very high concentration of rapidly dividing bacteria. Predict as many viral
properties as you can with this information.
What is the minimum concentration of sodium chloride that an extreme halophile
requires for growth?
A) 2 M
B) 4 M
C) 6 M
D) 10 M
The process by which microorganisms cause diseases is known as
A) pathogenesis.
B) virulence.
C) LD50 (lethal dose50).
D) infection.
The following compounds are all produced by intestinal microflora EXCEPT
A) flatus.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin B12.
D) vitamin K.
Staphylococcus aureus produces ________, leading to fibrin clots that protect them
from attack by host cells.
A) collagenase
B) coagulase
C) lipase
D) amylase
At which time period(s) during PCR thermocycling is/are hottest in temperature?
A) during DNA denaturation
B) during primer annealing
C) during primer extension/elongation
D) Both the first and last cycles are hotter in temperature than all other cycles.
The spread of pathogens through the blood and lymph systems that results in a
bloodborne systemic infection is called
A) bacteremia.
B) cancer.
C) pathogenesis.
D) septicemia.
Many of the genes in the chloroplast genome encode proteins involved in ________,
whereas mitochondrial genomes primarily encode proteins involved in ________.
A) autotrophy / DNA replication
B) photosynthesis / glycolysis
C) autotrophy / glycolysis
D) photosynthesis / oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondria and hydrogenosomes are similar in that they both
A) are the site of energy production in eukaryotic cells.
B) evolved via endosymbiosis of bacterial cells.
C) are the site of aerobic respiration.
D) evolved via endosymbiosis and are sites for aerobic respiration and energy
production.
Disease cases that exhibit new syndromes or characteristics or are linked to new
pathogens are surveyed through regional laboratories and considered ________ cases.
A) zoonotic
B) index
C) endemic
D) epidemic
Which enzyme would be BEST to include in a protein extract to refold and denature
improperly folded proteins?
A) DnaK
B) RepA
C) RpoH
D) Spo0A
A virus that kills its host is said to be
A) lytic or virulent.
B) temperate.
C) lysogenic.
D) virulent or lysogenic, but not temperate.
Listeria monocytogenes is
A) acid-tolerant.
B) cold-tolerant.
C) salt-tolerant.
D) acid-, cold-, and salt-tolerant.