Type II restriction endonucleases
A) are heterodimers.
B) natively function to methylate specific nucleotides and prevent foreign DNA from
being incorporated into the genome.
C) recognize nucleotide sequences that are palindromic.
D) require ATP energy to cleave dsDNA.
Bacteria in the phylum ________ occur as elementary or reticulate bodies depending on
their life cycle stage, are obligate intracellular parasites, and also have relatively small
genomes.
A) Bacteroidetes
B) Chlamydiae
C) Planctomycetes
D) Rickettsia
Polyvalent vaccines using vaccinia virus are highly favored by doctors and physicians
but are especially challenging for those who develop them, because
A) coat proteins form a relatively rigid structure and do not allow much space for
additional proteins to be expressed.
B) multiple foreign proteins simultaneously synthesized often disrupts each other’s
activity.
C) vaccinia and most other viruses engineered for vaccines contain only one restriction
site for cloning in their genome.
D) virus genetic manipulation uses transfection, which is an inherently inefficient
process.
Streptococcus pyogenes produces proteins called ________, which alter(s) the surface
of the pathogen and inhibits phagocytosis.
A) glycolipids
B) leukocidins
C) M proteins
D) pus
Enzyme induction occurs
A) when the substrate is present.
B) when the organism is environmentally stressed.
C) continuously.
D) when the substrate is depleted.
When arginine is added to a culture growing exponentially in a medium without
arginine, what occurs?
A) All cellular growth ceases.
B) Growth continues, but the production of enzymes required for the synthesis of
arginine ceases.
C) Growth continues, but the production of enzymes required for the synthesis of
arginine increases.
D) The cell returns to the lag stage of growth to synthesize the proteins necessary for
the metabolism of arginine.
Cellular receptors may be composed of
A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) lipids.
D) combinations of proteins, carbohydrates, and/or lipids.
Based on the table of attributes given below, which of the following statements are
FALSE about the two organisms?
A) Bacterium A is more resistant to heat and ultraviolet light.
B) Bacterium B likely forms a slime layer better than Bacterium A.
C) Bacterium B is likely to exhibit motility.
D) Both bacteria may attach to surfaces.
You work for a biotechnology company that uses Streptomyces strains to produce
pharmaceutical products. A phage has infected and killed some of your Streptomyces
strains during production, resulting in dramatically decreased yields. To protect the
strains from infection you propose to
A) introduce gene transfer agents into the Streptomyces cultures to transfer antibiotic
resistance genes into your Streptomyces strains.
B) design and insert CRISPR spacer sequences into the genomes of your strains that are
complementary to the genomes of the phages that are infecting the cultures.
C) infect the Streptomyces strains with a helper phage that will help the strains resist
infection.
D) transform the Streptomyces strains with plasmids encoding antibody proteins that
will protect them from phage infection.
Transmission of Mycobacterium leprae involves
A) direct contact.
B) respiratory transmission.
C) both direct contact and the respiratory route.
D) penetration into unbroken skin.
What are the two main groups of green algae?
A) chlorophytes and chrysophytes
B) chlorophytes and charophyceans
C) chrysophytes and charophyceans
D) chlorarachniophytes and chlorophytes
Which U.S. government agency monitors water utility reports?
A) Environmental Protection Agency
B) Food and Drug Administration
C) Water Safety Board
D) Natural Resources Conservancy Commission
Giardia are diplomonads which have nuclei that
A) appear as two separate chromosomes but are weakly joined.
B) contain one small and one large nucleus per cell.
C) have one nucleus enclosed in a mitosome and another nucleus in their cytoplasm.
D) occur as two similar sizes per cell.
Intracytoplasmic membrane systems housing vesicles known as chromatophores, which
function in photosynthesis, are commonly found in
A) algae.
B) green sulfur bacteria.
C) most autotrophic organisms.
D) purple phototrophic bacteria.
C-reactive protein is a
A) pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP).
B) homotrimeric adaptor protein.
C) lipoprotein.
D) pattern recognition receptor (PRR).
Protein A, commonly used in immunoblots, is derived from
A) Staphylococcus.
B) Escherichia.
C) Bacillus.
D) Clostridium.
The time between inoculation and the beginning of growth is usually called the
A) lag phase.
B) log phase.
C) dormant phase.
D) death phase.
Most cases of mosquito-transmitted diseases occur in
A) the summer and fall seasons.
B) tropical and sub-tropical regions.
C) rural areas.
D) tropical and sub-tropical regions or during the summer and fall seasons.
Which of the following shows the correct relationship among the epidemiology terms
listed?
A) prevalence > incidence > mortality
B) incidence > prevalence > mortality
C) mortality > morbidity > prevalence
D) mortality > incidence > prevalence
What virulence factor(s) of Yersinia pestis prevent(s) phagocytosis by cells of the
immune system?
A) the capsule
B) leukocidins
C) murine toxin
D) V and W antigens
The number of colonies obtained in a plate count does NOT depend on the
A) inoculum volume.
B) size of the colonies.
C) type of culture medium.
D) incubation time.
“Typhoid Mary” is an example of a ________, because she was infected by the
causative agent for typhoid fever yet was asymptomatic.
A) fomite
B) carrier
C) vector
D) vehicle
Which statement is TRUE about the fluid from the hydrothermal vents?
A) The fluid contains large amounts of oxidized inorganic materials.
B) The fluid contains large amounts of reduced inorganic materials.
C) The fluid contains large amounts of organic material.
D) The fluid usually contains about equal amounts of organic and inorganic material.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a type II restriction endonuclease?
A) cleavage product can be either blunt or sticky ended but is always the same for an
individual enzyme
B) recognizes a specific palindromic site for cleavage
C) recognition site length varies among enzymes but is always the same for an
individual enzyme
D) unable to cleave methylated DNA
Membrane-enclosed organelles, such as nuclei, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, and chloroplasts,
A) form specialized compartments within eukaryotic cells for specific functions to
occur.
B) increase the structural complexity of eukaryotic cells.
C) help large eukaryotic cells overcome the limitations of diffusion imposed by their
large cell size.
D) increase structural complexity, help eukaryotes overcome diffusion limitation due to
their size, and form specialized environments for specific functions to occur.
The microbiome contains all
A) organisms present on the skin.
B) organisms within the digestive system.
C) organisms present in and on the body.
D) organisms present on the skin and in the digestive system.
Which iron species is produced primarily from iron smelting and rarely is produced by
microbial-mediated processes?
A) ferric iron (Fe3+)
B) ferrous iron (Fe2+)
C) ferrulic iron (Fe1+)
D) iron (Fe0)
Which of the following immunological tests would allow the specific identification of a
microorganism directly in a patient specimen?
A) fluorescent antibody (FA)
B) radioimmunoassay (RIA)
C) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA)
D) agglutination
Integration of linear transforming DNA into the chromosome
A) is not required for the expression for the transformed genes.
B) is catalyzed by the RecA gene.
C) almost never occurs because restriction endonuclease will degrade the DNA before it
is integrated.
D) only occurs in laboratory-based systems in artificial competent cells.
All Prochlorococcus strains contain
A) chlorophylls a and b.
B) chlorophyll a and phycobilins.
C) chlorophyll b and phycobilins.
D) chlorophylls a andb and phycobilins.
Giardia cysts are able to withstand
A) chemical disinfection.
B) filtration.
C) clarification.
D) chemical disinfection, filtration, and clarification.