Genome assembly relies on
A) accurate gene annotation.
B) overlap of a large numbers of short sequences.
C) codon bias.
D) systems biology.
The science that applies powerful computational tools to DNA and protein sequences
for the purpose of analyzing, storing, and accessing the sequences for comparative
purposes is known as
A) metagenomics.
B) proteomics.
C) bioinformatics.
D) genomics.
If a foreign gene is cloned into an expression host, it is important that the host itself
A) not produce the protein being studied.
B) produce the protein in larger amounts than the vector.
C) repress the genetic expression being studied.
D) produce signal proteins to tag the host protein.
Thioploca species contain large vacuoles that store ________, which is used to
________ under anaerobic conditions.
A) nitrate / oxidize sulfide
B) oxygen / oxidize sulfur
C) sulfur / reduce nitrate
D) glycogen / provide energy
Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to
A) develop the tuberculin test.
B) formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a
specific disease.
C) use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media.
D) develop the tuberculin test, formulate four postulates for definitively linking a
specific microorganism to a specific disease, and use agar as a solidifying agent in
growth media.
Salmonellosis is most frequently caused by
A) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.
B) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
C) Salmonella enterica serovar Enteriditis.
D) Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteriditis.
Listeriosis is diagnosed from ________ cultures and treated with ________.
A) sputum / intravenous antibiotics
B) blood or spinal fluid / hydration therapy
C) sputum / hydration therapy
D) blood or spinal fluid / intravenous antibiotics
All microorganisms require
A) carbon, iron, and sodium.
B) phosphorus, aluminum, and sodium.
C) calcium, potassium, and magnesium.
D) phosphorus, selenium, and sulfur.
The order Lactobacillales within Firmicutes are also called the lactic acid bacteria,
because these bacteria
A) can aerobically catabolize lactic acid.
B) can ferment lactate.
C) produce lactate.
D) uniquely require lactic acid as a precursor for cell wall biosynthesis.
Basic microbiology can be used to
A) probe the fundamental processes of life.
B) study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms.
C) model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including
humans.
D) probe the fundamental processes of life, study characteristics of cells of multicellular
organisms, and model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular
organisms, including humans.
In microbial ecology studies, the FISH technique identifies organisms based on
A) the presence of green fluorescent protein.
B) fluorescence of unique cofactors or pigments under certain wavelengths of UV light.
C) hybridization of a fluorescent probe to specific ribosomal RNA sequences.
D) the presence of luciferase.
Interaction of a PAMP with a TLR triggers transmembrane signal transduction and
subsequent
A) clonal expansion.
B) antibody production.
C) complement protein activation.
D) phagocytosis and inflammation.
The causative agent of Lyme disease is ________, which is carried primarily by the
________.
A) a flavivirus / Ixodes sp. (deer tick)
B) Yersinia pestis / Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea)
C) Rickettsia prowazekii / Culex species (mosquito)
D) Borrelia burgdorferi / Ixodes sp. (deer tick)
Which of the following traits is NOT characteristic of Caulobacter?
A) abundant in aquatic habitats rich in nutrients
B) produces a cytoplasmic outgrowth (prostheca)
C) attaches to surfaces in nature
D) asymmetric cell division
What type of diseases require biosafety level (BSL) 4 procedures and facilities when
working with samples that may be infected?
A) highly infectious diseases
B) diseases with high mortality
C) diseases for which no treatment or vaccine exist
D) highly infectious diseases with high mortality for which no treatment or vaccine
exist
Which rickettsial disease can be transmitted by contaminated milk?
A) ehrlichiosis
B) typhus
C) Q fever
D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Two separate photosystems involved in electron flow is a hallmark of
A) anoxygenic phototrophs.
B) green sulfur bacteria.
C) oxygenic phototrophs.
D) purple bacteria.
Which of the following can be used in creating a vaccine?
A) attenuated bacteria
B) inactivated viruses
C) recombinant proteins
D) attenuated bacteria, inactivated viruses, or recombinant proteins
The lac operon is an example of ________ control in which the presence of an
________ is required for transcription to occur.
A) negative / activator
B) negative / inducer
C) positive / activator
D) positive / inducer
Which are the MOST dominant chemolithotrophs in pelagic waters?
A) ammonia-oxidizing Archaea
B) ammonia-oxidizing Bacteria
C) sulfate-reducing Bacteria
D) Prochlorococcus
In insects, primary symbionts are ________, while secondary symbionts ________.
A) heritable / are transmitted horizontally
B) able to replicate outside of the host / are obligate symbionts
C) required for host reproduction / are not required for host reproduction
D) obligate symbionts / have a free-living replicative stage
Which of the following do NOT bind to the promoter sequence during regulation?
A) activators
B) inducers
C) repressors
D) activators, inducers, and repressors
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a coliform?
A) facultatively aerobic
B) gram-negative
C) rod shaped
D) resistant to chlorination
The ________ produce over 500 characterized antibiotics.
A) Bacteroidetes
B) mycobacteria
C) pseudomonads
D) streptomycetes
Genetic recombination involving insertion sequences typically results in what type of
mutation?
A) base-pair substitution mutation
B) silent mutation
C) frameshift mutation
D) base-pair deletion mutation
What is the fate of H2 produced within a rumen?
A) It is released via eructation (belching).
B) It is transformed, along with other ions, into inorganic compounds.
C) It is used in acetogenesis.
D) It is used in methanogenesis.
A person is MOST likely to contract diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever
and ehrlichiosis if he or she visits/participates in
A) camping and hiking in the backcountry.
B) metropolitan cities.
C) snow skiing.
D) European countries.
The macromolecules responsible for bacterial adherence that are NOT covalently
attached to bacteria are collectively called
A) lipid A.
B) biofilms.
C) capsules.
D) glycocalyx.
Over time, the relationship between a pathogen and a nave susceptible population tends
towards
A) the extinction of the host.
B) the extinction of the pathogen.
C) a balance between host and pathogen such that both are maintained.
D) the extinction of either the host or the pathogen.
The body’s non-inducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy pathogens or
their products is called
A) adaptive immunity.
B) innate immunity.
C) phagocytosis.
D) cytotoxic response.
Which relationship is MOST likely to be observed between species of different classes?
A) A deltaproteobacterium oxidizes hydrogen sulfide into sulfate, which is then reduced
by an epsilonproteobacterium.
B) An epsilonbacterium oxidizes the hydrogen sulfide produced by a sulfur-reducing
deltaproteobacterium.
C) A sulfate-reducing epsilonbacterium produces sulfite, which a deltaproteobacterium
reduces to hydrogen sulfide.
D) Syntrophic metabolism of sulfur by a deltaproteobacterium and an
epsilonproteobacterium occurs.
The vacuole of the giant sulfide-oxidizing bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis
contains ________ that is used to oxidize sulfide under ________ conditions.
A) nitrate / anoxic
B) sulfate / anoxic
C) oxygen / oxic
D) sulfur / anoxic
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) copies an individual gene segment in vitro with a(n)
________ primer(s).
A) individual RNA
B) individual DNA
C) pair of RNA
D) pair of DNA
The additional supplementation of ________ make developing growth media for
culturing mycoplasmas especially challenging.
A) unsaturated fatty acids
B) sterols
C) vitamins
D) unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and vitamins