While not all members of ________ are pathogenic, two medically relevant species
cause meningitis and gonorrhea in humans.
A) Enterobacter
B) Neisseria
C) Shigella.
D) Staphylococcus
Antibodies are found in
A) milk.
B) mucosal secretions.
C) serum.
D) milk, mucosal secretions, and serum.
What would a fucoxanthin carotenoid stain be most useful in identifying?
A) brown or golden algae
B) flagellated algae
C) photosynthetic diatoms
D) slime molds from other molds
The C domain of antigen-binding proteins functions to
A) attach the antigen-binding domain to the cytoplasmic membrane.
B) bind to the cytoplasmic membrane of foreign cells.
C) complex multiple antigen-binding proteins together.
D) bind to epitopes.
To estimate the total concentration of a beneficial bacterial species in yogurt, ________
would provide the quickest results.
A) fluorescence in situ hybridization
B) qPCR
C) RT-PCR
D) a Southern blot
Which archaeal phylum contains primarily extreme halophiles and methanogens?
A) Crenarchaeota
B) Euryarchaeota
C) Nanoarchaeota
D) Thaumarchaeota
The first antibiotic to be characterized was a
A) cephalosporin.
B) quinolone.
C) β-lactam.
D) macrolide.
Controlling most rickettsial diseases involves managing
A) the vector.
B) human behavior.
C) immunization strategies.
D) food safety procedures.
Which of the following do dinoflagellates most commonly associate with in a
mutualistic relationship?
A) clams
B) corals
C) flatworms
D) snails
Most known methanogens are nonhalophilic
A) psychrophiles.
B) mesophiles.
C) thermophiles.
D) extremophiles (at either the psychrophilic or thermophilic end).
The morphology of a cell influences its
A) motility.
B) metabolism.
C) surface-to-volume ratio.
D) motility and surface-to-volume ratio.
A diagnostic test for M. tuberculosis exposure
A) utilizes an inflammatory reaction that occurs if there has been previous exposure to
M. tuberculosis antigens.
B) relies on previous tuberculin vaccination.
C) uses an antiserum to detect antibodies in the blood that are only formed if there has
been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens.
D) relies on an innate immune response that occurs only if there has been previous
exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens.
The increased rate of O2 uptake by activated phagocytes is called the
A) hypoxemia.
B) pyogenesis.
C) respiratory burst.
D) peroxidase.
Microbial diversity is thought of in terms of phylogenetic diversity and functional
diversity because
A) similar functional traits are often found in divergent phylogenetic groups.
B) phylogenetic diversity dictates functional diversity in microbes.
C) functional diversity only pertains to functions that are not phylogenetic.
D) similar phylogenetic groups almost always have similar functional traits.
Treatment of drinking water by UV irradiation is effective at ________, but it does
NOT remove ________.
A) killing bacteria and eukaryotic pathogens / odor- and taste- altering organic
compounds
B) killing viruses / bacteria and eukaryotic pathogens
C) removing order- and taste- altering organic compounds / viruses
D) killing bacteria / viruses and eukaryotic pathogens
EMB agar preferentially selects for the growth of ________ bacteria.
A) gram-positive
B) gram-negative
C) gram-variable
D) both gram-positive and gram-negative
Enteric bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Escherichia spp. most often
contaminate and spoil
A) meat.
B) fruits.
C) grains.
D) milk and milk products.
________ are charged molecules that are partially responsible for the ________ charge
of the gram-positive bacterial cell surface.
A) Diaminopimelic acids / positive
B) Teichoic acids / negative
C) Phospholipids / negative
D) Peptide interbridges / neutral
The CD4 molecule is
A) an HIV surface glycoprotein.
B) a cell-surface protein receptor for HIV.
C) found only on T-helper cells.
D) an HIV surface glycoprotein that is found only on T-helper cells.
A pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacterium is LEAST likely to be a
classified as a member of
A) Rhizobiales.
B) Rhodobacter.
C) Methylobacterium.
D) Proteobacteria.
The filamentous DNA phages are unusual, because they
A) are released from the host without the host being lysed.
B) have linear genomes.
C) replicate without a host.
D) are released from the host without being lysed and have linear genomes.
Plant root nodules are
A) formed from gall-rotting bacteria that decompose plant roots.
B) harmful to plants, because the bacteria outcompete the plants for nutrients.
C) sites where nitrogen fixation occurs.
D) structures created by fungi and are found in all agricultural crops.
An operon is a useful genetic element, because it
A) encourages the binding of RNA polymerase.
B) allows coordinated expression of multiple related genes in prokaryotes.
C) translates DNA sequence into amino acid sequence.
D) encourages the binding of ribosomes in the correct location.
What is a characteristic of a deep sea marine cold seep/vent?
A) acidic
B) luminous
C) low pressure
D) rich in methane
In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented?
A) Archaea
B) Bacteria
C) Eukarya
D) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Enumerating cells in a biofilm is especially challenging for
A) microscopic direct counting.
B) measuring turbidity.
C) viability counts with spread plating.
D) microscopic direct county, measuring turbidity, and viability counts with spread
plating.
Nitrifying Thaumarchaeota outcompete nitrifying bacteria in many aquatic and
terrestrial environments becauseThaumarchaeota
A) are well-adapted to high salinity and extreme UV irradiation.
B) are well-adapted to temperature extremes.
C) are well-adapted to very low nutrient and electron donor concentrations.
D) have very resistant specialized cells that survive long periods of dehydration and
nutrient starvation.
A gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococcus growing on chocolate agar likely
belongs to the genus
A) Neisseria.
B) Escherichia.
C) Mycobacterium.
D) Pseudomonas.
T cell-target cell interactions induce specialized Tc cells to produce ________ that kill
virus-infected target cells.
A) perforins
B) granulozymes
C) leukocidins
D) pyogens
Influenza pandemics occur cyclically because
A) less than 100% of the population is immunized.
B) new strains emerge due to reassortment between bird, swine, and human variants.
C) the vector is seasonal.
D) there are environmental reservoirs that release the virus during particular seasons.
Halobacterium salinarum and certain other extreme halophiles carry out light-driven
synthesis of ATP under what condition?
A) low oxygen concentrations
B) low light
C) high oxygen concentrations
D) high carbon dioxide concentrations
Which compounds serve as major sources of energy for ruminant animals?
A) acetic acid and glucose
B) acetic, butyric, and propionic acids
C) dimethylsulfoniopropionate, gluconate, and protocatechuate
D) glucose and sucrose
Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation?
A) dsRNA
B) negative ssRNA
C) positive ssRNA
D) retroviruses
When the squid that contain luminescent bacterial symbionts hatch, they do NOT
contain a bacterial symbiont. Symbiont transmission in this symbiosis is
A) vertical from parent to offspring.
B) horizontal and involves specific selection of the symbiont from the environment.
C) random and results in various different species being selected as the symbiont.
D) mixed and results in multiple symbiont species colonizing the squid at once.