A disease showing a relatively slow, progressive rise followed by a gradual decline in
incidence is indicative of a(n)
A) host-to-host epidemic.
B) common source epidemic.
C) biological weapon.
D) endemic disease.
When dealing with stable isotopes, enzymes tend to favor
A) the lighter isotope.
B) the heavier isotope.
C) the isotopes in about equal proportions.
D) either the lighter or the heavier isotope, depending on environmental conditions.
To promote the translational activity of ribosomes in human cells for synthesizing viral
proteins during viral infection, viruses
A) chemically modify (e.g., cap and methylate) the transcripts.
B) keep a ribosome binding site specific to human ribosomes on their genome.
C) maintain introns and sometimes extrons in their genomes to appear as eukaryotic
mRNA.
D) only adhere to and infect metabolically active host cells where protein synthesis is
high.
The major histocompatibility complex is also called the
A) human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
B) T cell receptor.
C) toll-like receptor complex.
D) T cell receptor or toll-like receptor.
Regulation of an enzyme’s activity occurs
A) transcriptionally.
B) translationally.
C) posttranslationally.
D) at any point on the enzymatic production pathway.
Which construct would be MOST useful in studying translational control?
A) gene fusion
B) operon fusion
C) protein fusion
D) shuttle vector
Hfr strains of Escherichia coli
A) do not possess an F factor.
B) have the F factor as a plasmid.
C) have an integrated F factor.
D) transfer the complete F factor to recipient cells at a high frequency.
Which metabolic strategy’s existence suggests rapid growth is NOT always the best
strategy to survive in the environment?
A) anaerobic fermentation
B) disproportionation
C) methylotrophy
D) syntrophy
What is the drawback of live attenuated vaccines?
A) They require more secondary reimmunizations than other vaccines.
B) They are not effective in adults.
C) They do NOT provide a long-lasting secondary immune response.
D) They can cause disease in some immunocompromised individuals.
Among the largest RNA genome viruses are ________ which contain a ________
genome.
A) coronaviruses / dsRNA
B) coronaviruses / positive ssRNA
C) polioviruses / dsRNA
D) polioviruses / positive ssRNA
Microbial plastics are composed of
A) polysaccharides.
B) polyhydroxyalkanoates.
C) polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
D) xenobiotics.
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning enrichment bias?
A) Dilution of the inoculum may help to avoid enrichment bias in some cases.
B) Enrichment bias is impossible to overcome in some oligotrophic environments.
C) Enrichment bias resulted in the underestimation of prokaryotic diversity.
D) Enrichment bias favors organisms that grow quickly.
The sum of all biosynthetic reactions in a cell is known as
A) metabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) catabolism.
D) synthatabolism.
Which of the following is an assumption used in the molecular clock approach?
A) Nucleotide changes accumulate in a sequence in proportion to time.
B) Nucleotide changes are generally NOT transferred to progeny.
C) Nucleotide changes are NOT random.
D) Nucleotide changes are subject to intense selective pressure.
Bioluminescence is controlled by the gene regulatory mechanism called quorum
sensing, wherein the
A) depletion of oxygen is detected by an inducer molecule which activates transcription
of the lux operon.
B) accumulation of an inducer molecule activates transcription of the lux operon.
C) absence of light activates an inducer molecule which activates transcription of the
lux operon.
D) host tissues produce an autoinducer molecule which activates transcription of the lux
operon.
Which disease CANNOT be prevented via the use of a vaccine generated from an
attenuated pathogen?
A) malaria
B) measles
C) mumps
D) rubella
The first genome sequenced was that of a
A) virus.
B) bacterium.
C) eukaryote.
D) archaeon.
Soldiers or refuges in crowded unsanitary conditions are MOST susceptible to which
rickettsial disease?
A) Lyme disease
B) typhus
C) Q fever
D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
The deactivation of NK cells due to binding of NK receptors to MHC I proteins is
called
A) promoting.
B) phagocytosis.
C) licensing.
D) neutralization.
Genomic analysis of Prochlorococcus has revealed
A) the presence of bacteriorhodopsin.
B) variations in ribosomal genes within the same phylotype.
C) complete congruence of genes and genome structure within the same phylotype.
D) variation in functional genes within phylotypes, but high levels of gene conservation
between cultured representatives and environmental populations.
________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first
person to see bacteria.
A) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook
B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch
C) Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
D) Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Which of the following hydrocarbon compounds are MOST recalcitrant?
A) straight-chain hydrocarbons
B) ethane
C) polycyclic hydrocarbons
D) propane
A frequent symptom of the common cold is
A) nasal discharge.
B) fever.
C) headache.
D) diarrhea.
The basis for blood typing is referred to as
A) neutralization.
B) hemagglutination.
C) immunodiffusion.
D) precipitation.
Nitrifying Archaea such as Nitrosopumilus maritimus use ________ as a sole carbon
source and are capable of obtaining sufficient energy by aerobically oxidizing
________.
A) CO2 / NO
B) sugars / NH3
C) CO2 / NH3
D) organic acids / NO
Greenhouse gases
A) such as CO2, CH4, and N2O trap infrared radiation and heat the Earth.
B) such as CO2 increase plant and animal growth, resulting in more heat production on
Earth.
C) such as CO2 and O3 (ozone) interact with UV light and heat the Earth.
D) such as CO2, CH4, and N2O destroy O3 (ozone) and allow more UV light to enter
the atmosphere, thus increasing the temperature of the Earth’s surface.
A major function of prokaryotic gas vesicles is to
A) confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density.
B) serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxide.
C) keep the cell’s organelles separated during flagellar motion.
D) store oxygen for aerobic growth when oxygen becomes depleted in the environment.
All eukaryotes contain
A) a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
B) mitochondria.
C) hydrogenosomes.
D) a nucleus, mitochondria, and hydrogenosomes.
Chemical mutagens, UV radiation, and ionizing radiation all increase mutation rates,
but they have different mechanisms. Which type of mutagen would be best suited for
creating large deletions and rearrangements within a genome?
A) chemical mutagens
B) UV radiation
C) ionizing radiation
D) Chemical, UV, and ionizing radiation would create large deletions and
rearrangements if used in a very high dose.
Which of the following enzymes are NOT secreted by TH1 to activate macrophages?
A) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
B) interferon gamma
C) TNF-α
D) fibrin
Cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) serves as a messenger molecule
in bacterial cells to coordinate a shift from ________ to ________ growth.
A) sessile / planktonic
B) planktonic / sessile
C) monomorphic / polymorphic
D) stationary / exponential
Laboratories that work with moderate risk pathogens are classified as
A) BSL-1.
B) BSL-2.
C) BSL-3.
D) BSL-4.
Once a person has been infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the individual
A) acquires transient immunity, which prevents subsequent infection for about a year.
B) acquires no immunity, and thus could be reinfected immediately.
C) requires immunization by a vaccine.
D) requires immunization by an antiserum.