Two eukaryotic organelles that are hypothesized to be the result of endosymbiosis are
the ________ and the ________.
A) nucleus / Golgi body
B) mitochondrion / chloroplast
C) endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi body
D) hydrogenosome / chloroplast
To determine viable cell counts of a heat-sensitive bacterial isolate, which cell counting
method would be best to AVOID?
A) spread-plate method
B) pour-plate method
C) live staining and direct counting with a microscope
D) both spread- and pour-plate methods
A soil sample was diluted into a nutrient broth, then spread onto a plate and grown for
one week at room temperature. Several colonies appeared dusty or fuzzy and yet were
identified as bacteria”not as fungi. Which genus do these isolates likely belong in?
A) Actinomyces
B) Mycobacterium
C) Nocardia
D) Streptomyces
A common mechanism in fungal diseases is
A) endotoxin production.
B) intracellular invasion.
C) hypersensitivity reactions.
D) red blood cell lysis.
Considering the catabolite repression mechanism, which observation would make you
suspect it is NOT occurring?
A) CRP bound to promoter sites
B) elevated levels of transcripts for maltose and sucrose catabolism
C) relatively low intracellular cyclic AMP levels
D) RNA polymerase bound to biosynthetic promoter sequences
The template for RNA polymerase is ________, and the new RNA chain is ________ to
the template.
A) an independent RNA segment / parallel and identical
B) DNA / antiparallel and complementary
C) an independent RNA segment / antiparallel and complementary
D) DNA / parallel and identical
The invariant amino acids in each peptide motif bound by MHC proteins are called
A) anchor residues.
B) MHC peptides.
C) antigen-binding immunoglobulins.
D) TCR peptides.
The term used when an organism is studied in its natural environment is
A) au naturale.
B) in vitro.
C) in situ.
D) in toto.
A catalyst
A) requires more reactants but makes the reaction rate faster.
B) increases the amount of reactants produced but does not change the rate.
C) changes the rate of the reaction but does not change the end amount of products.
D) changes both the rate of a reaction and the amount of the product that will be
obtained as the reaction is completed.
Which of the following is a common benefit of a microbe-plant symbiosis?
A) increased nutrient availability
B) decreased pathogen colonization
C) increased affinity for carbon dioxide
D) increased nutrient availability and decreased pathogen colonization
The only group of oxygenic phototrophic bacteria are the
A) green nonsulfur bacteria.
B) Chloroflexi.
C) Cyanobacteria.
D) Chlorobi.
Substances that induce an immune response are known as
A) immunogens.
B) antigens.
C) immunoglobins.
D) antigen-presenting cells.
The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by
A) 5′ to 3′ attraction.
B) hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases.
C) codons.
D) peptide bonds between nucleotide bases.
Aquaporins are
A) water transport proteins.
B) molecules that prevent water from crossing a membrane.
C) enzymes involved in the generation of water within cells.
D) cations bound to water molecules.
Type IV pili are involved in
A) attachment of cells to surfaces.
B) twitching motility.
C) pathogenesis.
D) attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis.
Which is/are a function(s) of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes?
A) It functions as a permeability barrier.
B) It is an anchor for many proteins involved in bioenergetic reactions and transport.
C) It is a major site of energy conservation.
D) It serves as a permeability barrier, a docking station for proteins involved in
bioenergetics reactions and transport, and a site for energy conservation.
One example of an electron acceptor that can be used in anaerobic respiration is
A) NADH.
B) water.
C) nitrate.
D) FMN.
Which is the CORRECT order of increasing size in soil particles?
A) clay > sand > silt
B) clay > silt > sand
C) sand > clay > silt
D) silt > clay > sand
If a bacterium carrying a plasmid that confers resistance to ampicillin is placed into
medium without ampicillin, it may
A) gain resistance to other antibiotics.
B) transfer resistance to other cultures in the laboratory.
C) undergo a reversion mutation.
D) lose the plasmid because there is no selection for ampicillin resistance.
A mutation that readily reverses to restore the original parental type would most likely
be due to a(n)
A) deletion.
B) insertion.
C) point mutation.
D) frameshift mutation.
Members of the ________ genus are the MOST abundant bacteria present in the large
intestine of humans and contain the unusual ________ in their cell membranes.
A) Bacteroides / glycerolipids
B) Bacteroides / sphingolipids
C) Sphingobium / glycerolipids
D) Sphingobium / sphingolipids
Adaptive immunity occurs when
A) death results from pathogen infection.
B) the innate immune response fails to eliminate pathogens in the body.
C) virulent pathogen infections persist in the body after the initial innate defense
response.
D) the innate immune response fails to eliminate pathogens in the body and virulent
infections persist after the initial innate defense response.
Staphylococcus aureus produces ________, an enzyme that results in the accumulation
of fibrin around the bacterial cells.
A) coagulase
B) collagenase
C) lipase
D) M protein
Trichomoniasis vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease that can also survive on
moist surfaces and in urine for several hours. As a result, trichomoniasis
A) is difficult to treat.
B) is not a good candidate for eradication.
C) can be spread by contact with contaminated toilet seats, sauna benches, and towels.
D) is more common in males.
The establishment of DNA as the genome of the cell may have resulted from the need
to store genetic information in a more stable form than RNA.
Transcriptome analysis is useful in relation to genome analysis because
A) it is NOT dependent on nucleic acid sequencing technology.
B) it results in amino acid sequence and is, thus, easier to analyze.
C) it analyzes RNA, thus it reveals which genes are expressed under different
conditions.
D) it reveals interactions between molecules and, thus, provides more information than
genome analysis.
Microbial growth on the two-carbon acetate substrate invokes
A) the citric acid cycle for aerobic catabolism.
B) both the citric acid and glyoxylate pathways.
C) the glyoxylate pathway.
D) the glyoxylate and glycolysis pathways.
Which of the following is most similar to lysogeny?
A) Hfr state
B) F+ state
C) F– state
D) F’ state
How is ATP made by an acetogen during CO2 fixation?
A) Electrons from metal cofactors energize the electron transport chain and drive the
proton motive force to activate ATP synthase.
B) Substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP occurs when coenzyme A is removed from
acetyl-CoA.
C) It is made by substrate-level phosphorylation and a Na+-translocating ATPase.
D) The energized CO-CH3 complex during thioesterification drives a Na+-translocating
ATPase.
The hantavirus contains a ________ genome.
A) ssRNA
B) dsRNA
C) ssDNA
D) dsDNA
The rigid layer that is present in the cell walls of Bacteria that is primarily responsible
for the strength of the wall is known as
A) pseudomurein.
B) S-layer.
C) cellulose.
D) peptidoglycan.
Which approach would help to identify biologically produced sulfur in a sediment
sample?
A) enrichment
B) isotopic fractionation
C) microautoradiography
D) microelectrodes
Stop codons are also called ________ codons.
A) nonsense
B) release factor
C) degeneracy
D) conversion
Which of the following is NOT a public health measure used to control the transmission
of disease?
A) sanitary water and waste disposal methods
B) immunization
C) forced quarantine
D) genetic engineering
Bioremediation of uranium depends on
A) fermentation and oxidation.
B) methanogens.
C) metal-reducing bacteria.
D) metal-oxidizing bacteria.