Diseases can be controlled through immunization even if the percentage of the
population that is immunized is less than 100% because
A) vectors can be controlled through other means.
B) most diseases lack reservoirs.
C) of herd immunity.
D) vehicles can be sterilized.
Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those
playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________.
A) rumens / nodules
B) nodules / rumens
C) nodules / fortrans
D) fortrans / rumens
Horizontal gene transfer between host organisms and their symbionts
A) happens frequently because of coevolution.
B) causes genome reduction in the symbiont and genome expansion in the host.
C) causes genome reduction in both the host and the symbiont.
D) has been observed, but is considered a rare event.
DNA-binding proteins interact predominantly within which portion of a
double-stranded DNA helix?
A) major groove
B) minor groove
C) 3′ end
D) supercoil
All microbial phototrophs
A) fix carbon dioxide.
B) use water as an electron donor for photosynthesis.
C) fix carbon dioxide and use water as an electron donor for photosynthesis.
D) use light energy to drive electron transport to generate energy.
The prokaryotic transport system that involves a substrate-binding protein, a
membrane-integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein is
A) the ABC transport system.
B) group translocation.
C) symport.
D) simple transport.
Enveloped viral membranes are generally ________ with associated virus-specific
________.
A) lipid bilayers / phospholipids
B) protein bilayers / lipids
C) lipid bilayers / glycoproteins
D) glycolipid bilayers / phospholipids
It is believed that phototrophy arose approximately 3.3 billion years ago in
A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Eukarya.
D) LUCA.
Microbial ________ studies the diversity of microorganisms and links their phylogeny
with ________.
A) taxonomy / genotype
B) phylogeny / phenotype
C) taxonomy / phenotype
D) systematics / taxonomy
The term ________ is applied to strains and preparations of Bacillus anthracis that
exhibit properties that enhance dissemination and use as biological weapons.
A) weaponized
B) virulized
C) category A
D) infectious
The MOST common vectorborne disease in the United States is
A) influenza A.
B) Lyme disease.
C) malaria.
D) pneumonia.
Group members of ________ are particularly abundant in the oceans,
chemoorganotrophic, and often produce pigments when grown on complex media.
A) Alteromonas
B) Flavobacteriales
C) Pelagibacter
D) Prochlorococcus
Which of the following are NOT found in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy humans?
A) Bacteroides
B) Clostridium
C) Escherichia coli
D) protists
Which species does NOT produce endospores?
A) Bacillus cereus
B) Clostridium pasteurianum
C) Listeria monocytogenes
D) Paenibacillus popilliae
Effective immunogens generally have a molecular weight of ________ or greater.
A) 1,000
B) 5,000
C) 7,500
D) 10,000
The minimal amount of genetic information required for specialized transduction would
include
A) the att region.
B) the cos site.
C) a helper phage.
D) the att region, cos site, and a helper phage.
A(n) ________ is a damage or injury to a host organism that impairs its function.
A) trauma
B) infection
C) disease
D) transmission
Several genes are used in constructing the phylogenetic tree of Eukarya, but the gene(s)
encoding for ________ is/are NOT used.
A) ATPase
B) cytoskeleton tubulins
C) RNA polymerase
D) tRNAs
Viral proteins are categorized as early, middle, and late. Early proteins typically are
necessary for
A) production of viral mRNA.
B) packaging of DNA into the nucleocapsid.
C) copying the viral genome.
D) production of viral mRNA and copying the viral genome.
Of the taxa listed, which is NOT classified as a protist?
A) Amoeba
B) Euglena
C) Giardia
D) Saccharomyces
What percentage of terrestrial plants are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae?
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 85
Which of the following filariases are transmitted by insect vectors?
A) elephantiasis
B) river blindness
C) trichinosis
D) elephantiasis and river blindness
For a pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that were all derived from a single
cell to mate,
A) a mating-type switch in one or more cells in the culture must occur.
B) both the α and the a gene must be fully expressed in the population.
C) the α gene must be fully repressed in the population.
D) some cells must exist as diploids.
Typically ________ of ORFs in a genome cannot clearly be assigned a function. These
ORFs are usually assigned and predicted to encode hypothetical proteins.
A) < 1 %
B) 5 %
C) 30 %
D) 90 %
The generation time of Escherichia coli in the human intestine is ________ in
laboratory culture.
A) at about the same rate as
B) faster than
C) more optimal than
D) slower than
In specialized transduction, as exemplified by lambda phage in E. coli, transduction
occurs at high efficiency for only a restricted group of genes near the insertion site of
lambda.
What are the MOST abundant biomolecules in a typical fungal cell wall?
A) amino acids
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) porins and channels
RNA replicase is found in ALL viruses to allow the replication and transcription of viral
RNA instead of host RNA.
A positive tuberculin test means a patient
A) has active disease.
B) has been previously exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
C) has a current inappropriate infection.
D) has active disease, has been previously exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or
has a current inappropriate infection.
Which of the following are proteins that interact directly with antigens during the
adaptive immune response?
A) immunoglobins
B) major histocompatibility complex
C) T cell receptors
D) all of these
Which of the following functional groups form symbiotic relationships with Eukaryotes
in deep sea environments?
A) dissimilatory iron-oxidizers
B) methanotrophs
C) sulfide-oxidizers
D) methanotrophs and sulfide-oxidizers
SYBR Green, commonly used in qPCR, binds nonspecifically to
A) ssDNA
B) dsDNA
C) ssRNA
D) dsRNA
Which of the following are found on the surfaces of ALL nucleated cells?
A) Class I MHC proteins
B) Class II MHC proteins
C) G proteins
D) M proteins
Bacteria that are able to grow in humans and cause disease have likely evolved to be
A) psychrophiles.
B) mesophiles.
C) thermophiles.
D) hyperthermophiles.