Single-cell genomics may help us
A) predict which microbes will be abundant based on the environmental conditions.
B) understand the physiology of uncultured microbes.
C) develop better enrichment culture methods.
D) understand the physiology of uncultured microbes and develop better enrichment
culture methods.
Viruses that infect the hyperthermophilic Archaea tend to contain genomes that are
composed of
A) ssDNA.
B) dsDNA.
C) ssRNA.
D) dsRNA.
Which microbial group is responsible for massive amphibian die-offs worldwide?
A) cercozoans
B) ciliates
C) chytrids
D) zygomycetes
Hemoflagellates cause tropical diseases such as sleeping sickness and Chagas’ disease
that are ALL transmitted by
A) contact with fecal contaminated soil.
B) contact with contaminated water.
C) insect vectors.
D) sexual contact.
Based on your knowledge of cellular and viral processes, which of the following would
be (an) appropriate target(s) for antiviral drugs?
A) integrases
B) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
C) ribosomes
D) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and ribosomes
Which of the following stimulate macrophage differentiation and activation?
A) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
B) interferon gamma
C) tumor necrosis factor-alpha
D) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor, interferon gamma, and tumor
necrosis factor-alpha
Epidemiological studies of AIDS in Africa have confirmed that ________ transmission
of the virus is the norm in that region.
A) fomite
B) indirect
C) heterosexual
D) homosexual
Which of the following conditions would you use to enrich purple nonsulfur bacteria
from lake sediments?
A) anoxic media with a good light source
B) mineral media with ammonia and oxygen in the dark
C) anoxic mineral media with an organic acid and a good light source
D) mineral media with nitrate and acetate in the dark
________ are cytotoxins produced by Tc cells that cause apoptosis.
A) Perforins
B) Granzymes
C) Phagocytes
D) Macrophages
The DTaP vaccine contains
A) purified bacterial DNA.
B) bacterial endotoxin derivatives.
C) heat-killed Bordetella pertussis cells.
D) diphtheria toxoid.
The most widely used molecule in sequence-based evolutionary analyses are ________
genes.
A) ATPase
B) electron transport
C) SSU rRNA
D) tRNA
Phosphorus reservoirs include
A) phosphate minerals in rocks, dissolved phosphates in aquatic environments, and the
nucleic acids and phospholipids of living organisms.
B) mineral phosphonates and the nucleic acids and phospholipids of living organisms.
C) elemental phosphorus minerals and phosphonates.
D) elemental phosphorous, polyphosphate, and phosphonates.
How can the amebozoans, cercozoans, and radiolarians be distinguished from each
other with microscopy if they all have pseudopodia?
A) Amebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, cercozoans and radiolarians both have
threadlike pseudopodia, and radiolarians have radial symmetry.
B) Amebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, and cercozoans are significantly
smaller in size but contain threadlike pseudopodia just like radiolarians.
C) Amebozoans have large pseudopodia, cercozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia,
and radiolarians have radial threadlike pseudopodia.
D) Amebozoans have multiple lobe-shaped pseudopodia, cercozoans have one or two
threadlike pseudopodia, and radiolarians have multiple threadlike pseudopodia.
Hantaviruses are most commonly transmitted by ________ of virus-contaminated
rodent ________.
A) inhalation / saliva
B) inhalation / excreta
C) ingestion / saliva
D) ingestion / excreta
What special adaptation(s) has/have Thermoplasma evolved to survive in hot acidic
environments?
A) Thermoplasma stabilize their cytoplasmic membrane by incorporation of tetraether
lipoglycans in the cytoplasmic membrane.
B) Thermoplasma have a reinforced cell wall containing basic amino linkers in the
peptidoglycan.
C) Thermoplasma excrete hydrogen ions and import hydroxyl ions.
D) Thermoplasma are highly motile to avoid destruction.
A positive antibody titer indicates
A) previous exposure to an antigen.
B) active infection.
C) latent disease.
D) a healthy individual.
The onset of a given epidemic is indicated by a sharp rise in the number of cases
reported daily over a brief interval. This indicates that the mode of transmission is
A) host to host.
B) a common source.
C) insect vector.
D) mechanical vector.
Green sulfur bacteria are often found at the greatest depths of all phototrophic cells in
lakes, oceans, and microbial mats. This is because green sulfur bacteria
A) are very sensitive to UV irradiation, despite their reliance on light for energy.
B) are the only phototrophs that can use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for
photosynthesis.
C) are strict anaerobes.
D) have chlorosomes that are very efficient at harvesting light, allowing them to
perform photosynthesis where light intensities are very low.
The occurrence of multiple alleles at a specific locus is called
A) signal transduction.
B) the variable domain.
C) polymorphism.
D) allelic exclusion.
Whether lambda phage undergoes the lytic or lysogenic cycle is dependent on the
accumulation of
A) Cro protein.
B) viral genomes.
C) cI protein.
D) methylated DNA.
Gene function is annotated based on homology between the ORFs of a genome and
proteins whose function has been proven experimentally. What “-omic” approach could
help us determine the function and structure of proteins encoded by uncharacterized
ORFs?
A) metabolomics
B) metagenomics
C) transcriptomics
D) proteomics
The presence of gram-positive diplococci in a sputum sample most likely indicates an
infection of
A) Streptococcus pyogenes.
B) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
C) Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
D) Bordetella pertussis.
Weight gain and obesity may be partly caused by certain gut microbial communities
that
A) absorb more vitamins and essential amino acids.
B) produce more volatile fatty acids by fermentation.
C) stimulate the gut endothelium to absorb more sugars.
D) produce more hydrogen gas by fermentation.
Based on their abundance and location in bacterial genomes, deduce which is LEAST
likely to horizontally transfer into another bacterium while maintaining its identical
function and regulatory roles.
A) heat shock protein-encoding gene
B) lac operon
C) catabolic regulon
D) quorum sensing operon
In the oceans, prokaryotes are outnumbered ten to one by
A) zooplankton.
B) diatoms.
C) viruses.
D) phytoplankton.
Each adenine-thymine base pair has ________ hydrogen bonds, while each
guanine-cytosine base pair has ________ hydrogen bonds.
A) two / one
B) two / three
C) four / three
D) three / two
A polymer coat consisting of a dense, well-defined polymer layer surrounding a cell is
called a
A) capsule.
B) glycocalyx.
C) lipopolysaccharide.
D) slime mold.
Which of the following features are common to transformation, transduction, and
conjugation?
(1) unidirectional transfer of genes
(2) incomplete gene transfer
(3) homologous recombination
(4) meiosis occurring in the recipient
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2
C) 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 4
The amoebozoa that are parasitic for humans are the
A) gymnamoebas.
B) radiolarians.
C) entamoebas.
D) oomycetes.
The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of
A) Louis Pasteur.
B) Robert Koch.
C) Robert Hooke.
D) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
What technique(s) can be used to characterize the phylogenetic composition of a
microbial community without culturing any of the members?
A) green fluorescent protein tagging
B) stable isotope techniques
C) radioisotope experiments
D) fluorescent in situ hybridization