Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur?
A) determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation
and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation
B) developed enrichment culture techniques
C) developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized
swan-necked flask
D) developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals
Tetanus develops from a puncture wound because
A) endospores germinate in anoxic conditions.
B) the organism gains access to the circulatory system and then invades the nervous
system.
C) the organism digests deep connective tissues.
D) the organism needs access to the circulatory system and deep connective tissues.
________ is a term used to describe dead organic matter.
A) Humus
B) Loam
C) Pyrite
D) Xenocompost
What characteristic do mycoplasmas (Bacteria) and Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma
(Archaea) have in common?
A) contain plasmids
B) hyperthermophilic
C) lack cell walls
D) relatively large genomes from duplicated genes
How could overlapping genes in a positive ssDNA virus genome be predicted?
A) Convert the positive ssDNA into its complementary ssDNA and search for genes in
the negative ssDNA strand for sequences used in more than one predicted gene.
B) Directly search the three frames of the positive ssDNA for genes that have sequences
where more than one gene is predicted.
C) Convert the positive ssDNA into negative ssDNA and search all six possible frames
for genes that use part of the same sequence.
D) Convert the positive ssDNA into its complementary ssDNA and search for genes in
the negative ssDNA strand that also share a complementary gene in the positive strand.
The term axenic is used to describe a(n)
A) anaerobic culture.
B) anoxygenic culture.
C) nutritionally deficient culture.
D) pure culture.
The Bacteria and Archaea are the ONLY domains in which organisms exist that can
A) catalyze the transformation of inorganic nitrogen species for biosynthesis.
B) assimilate nitrite.
C) conserve energy from the transformation of inorganic nitrogen species.
D) catalyze the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen species into biomolecules.
Synthetic plastics are
A) oxidized completely to carbon dioxide after a few years under aerobic conditions.
B) partially degraded into branched chain and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
C) degraded slowly under anoxic conditions.
D) extremely recalcitrant to microbial degradation.
Transcription in eukaryotes occurs in the
A) RNA polymerase.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) cytoplasm.
D) nucleus.
Most prokaryotic genomes are double-stranded circular DNA.
In T7, the proteins that inhibit the host restriction system are synthesized
A) before the entire T7 genome enters the cell.
B) while the T7 genome is entering the cell but before it enters the nucleus.
C) after the T7 genome is completely within the host cytoplasm.
D) in response to the T7 genome binding to the host chromosome.
Most mobile DNA consists of
A) transposable elements.
B) introns.
C) linear chromosomes.
D) plasmids.
In the United States, individuals become infected with Vibrio cholerae most commonly
by
A) consuming contaminated shellfish.
B) drinking contaminated water.
C) eating contaminated vegetables.
D) person-to-person contact.
Intestinal parasites can be identified by observing stool samples for the presence of
A) cysts.
B) antibodies.
C) LPS.
D) blood.
Which of the following is NOT membrane-associated?
A) NADH dehydrogenases
B) flavoproteins
C) cytochromes
D) Cytochromes, flavoproteins, and NADH dehydrogenases all can be
membrane-associated.
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the universal tree of life?
A) Previous versions of the universal tree of life were based largely on fossils and
comparative biology, which overlooked the diversity of and relationships between most
prokaryotes.
B) The current universal tree of life is supported by multiple genes including SSU
rRNA sequences.
C) The current universal tree of life depicts three domains of life, two of which are
prokaryotic.
D) The current universal tree of life is based on molecular sequences and completely
changes our view of evolutionary relationships between eukaryotic species.
Which body site is preferentially infected by foodborne pathogens?
A) gastrointestinal tract
B) respiratory tract
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) liver
What type of sRNA often requires a chaperon protein for strong regulation activity?
A) antisense RNA
B) riboswitches
C) siRNA
D) trans-sRNA
The positions of genes on a genetic map are marked according to
A) degrees.
B) nanometers.
C) radians.
D) minutes.
A drug designed to inhibit reverse transcriptase activity would target
A) coronaviruses and rhabdoviruses.
B) hepadnaviruses and retroviruses.
C) retroviruses.
D) viruses with RNA genomes.
Assuming that each heavy and light chain has an equal chance to be expressed in each
cell, approximately how many possible antibodies can be expressed?
A) 192
B) 1,920
C) 19,200
D) 1,920,000
A microbial cell’s membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents
are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in
response to its environment.
A) differential
B) microselective
C) rigid
D) semipermeable
Extremely high or low doses of an immunogen may suppress a specific immune
response by stimulating the development of
A) specificity.
B) memory.
C) tolerance.
D) class switching.
The two major forms of carbon that remain following microbial degradation are
A) methane, organic matter, and fossil fuels.
B) methane and carbon dioxide.
C) lignin and fossil fuels.
D) organic matter and hydrocarbons.
The condition that results when some organisms are shed in the bloodstream and
distributed to distant parts of the body during bacterial growth in tissues is called
A) septicemia.
B) bacteremia.
C) uremia.
D) erythemia.
Which items are MOST routinely irradiated in the United States?
A) fresh fruits
B) fish
C) canned foods
D) herbs and spices
In general, prokaryotic genome size is correlated to lifestyle. Which type of prokaryote
typically has the smallest genome?
A) parasite
B) endosymbiont
C) autotroph
D) free-living heterotroph
You are planning a whitewater rafting vacation in Kenya. Based on what you know
about microbiology, what precautions should you take to return in the best of health?
Linking an ORF with a specific function is an example of gene
A) annotation.
B) assembly.
C) codon bias.
D) expression.
Reoviruses contain ________ genomes, and their replication occurs within the host’s
________.
A) ssDNA / nucleus
B) dsDNA / nucleus
C) ssRNA / cytoplasm
D) dsRNA / cytoplasm
An antiseptic (or germicide) is distinguished from other sterilizing compounds by
A) being able to inhibit growth of microorganisms but not necessarily kill all of them.
B) being able to be used on living tissues without harm.
C) its ability to protect from subsequent microbial infectionsnot just initial sterilization.
D) killing all bacteria and microscopic fungi but not being effective against viruses.
Which of the following bioenergetic processes CANNOT occur in hyperthermophiles?
A) chemoorganotrophy
B) chemolithotrophy
C) photosynthesis
D) chemoorganotrophy, chemolithotrophy, and photosynthesis
The essential protective role for T cell immunity is protection from
A) viruses.
B) extracellular pathogens.
C) bacteria.
D) intracellular pathogens.
The aerated upper layer of soil is likely to have ________ concentrations of H2 for
aerobic H2-oxidizing Bacteria, so these bacteria likely ________.
A) high / thrive in such conditions by not competing with chemoorganotrophs
B) high / generate important reducing equivalents as byproducts for other
microorganisms in the soil
C) low / do not occur in such habitats
D) low / will need a chemoorganotrophic way to grow as well
A bacterium that lacks the mreB gene will have a ________ shape.
A) bacillus
B) coccoid
C) short bacillus
D) vibrio