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1) breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons. 2) cells were first named by microscopist robert hooke. Answer: true 3) most body fat in overweight people is stored in the integumentary system. Answer: false 4) an isometric […]

1) the appendicular region consists of the head, neck and trunk. 2) negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body. Answer: false 3) organs are made of tissues. Answer: true 4) […]

1) which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and nacl to pass through? a. glomerulus b. proximal convoluted tubule c. distal convoluted tubule d. collecting duct e. nephron loop 2) which […]

1) what is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus? a. touch b. smell c. taste d. vision e. equilibrium 2) how is colostrum different than breast milk? a.it has […]

1) which of the following is true regarding the blood-testis barrier? a. it prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells. b. it prevents heat loss from the testes. c. it prevents blood from getting to the […]

1) endurance athletes commonly have a resting heart rate as low as 40 bpm, and a stroke volume as low as 50 ml/beat. 2) spermiogenesis is the last stage of meiosis. Answer: false 3) a dermatome is a nerve innervating […]

1) although two breast cancer genes are known, most cases are nonhereditary. 2) concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae. Answer: false 3) the forearm acts as a third-class lever during flexion of the elbow. Answer: true 4) […]

1) the middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber. 2) peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes. Answer: false 3) most autonomic efferent pathways involve one neuron. Answer: false 4) the mastoid process cannot be palpated on […]

1) the most lateral and superior region of the abdomen is called the hypochondriac region. 2) a deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis. Answer: true 3) the digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates […]

1) the urinary bladder is located in the __________ region. a. epigastric b. umbilical c. hypogastric d. inguinal e. hypochondriac 2) which of the following structures is composed of a theca folliculi, granulosa cells, a zona pellucida, and a secondary […]

1) the anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations? a. after eating a large meal b. after swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving c. after waking up from a long nap d. after watching […]

1) which of the following is not a possible circulatory route from the heart? a. heart arteries capillary bed veins heart b. heart arteries capillary bed vein capillary bed veins heart c. heart arteries capillary bed vein capillary bed arteries […]

1) which of the following are primary sex organs? a. ova b. uterine tubes c. breasts d. ovaries e. scent glands 2) what is the path of blood from the heart, to the left zygomaticus muscles, and back to the […]

1) the manubrium is part of what bone? a. clavicle b. sternum c. scapula d. a rib e. vertebra 2) any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) __________. a. ectopic focus b. sinus rhythm c. nodal rhythm d. heart block […]

1) the amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus are involved in such feelings as love, anger, fear, pleasure, and pain. 2) an articulation is any point at which two bones meet. Answer: true 3) the rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by […]

1) which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body? a. it participates in muscle contraction. b. it isa significant component of nucleic acids. c. they serve as second messengers. d. it activates exocytosis. e. it […]

1) synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous texture similar to egg white. 2) erectile dysfunction prevents ejaculation in most cases. Answer: false 3) in the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward […]

1) what would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)? a. periosteum b. hemopoietic tissue c. red bone marrow d. yellow bone marrow e. compact bone 2) which of the following does […]

1) the plasma membrane is permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________. a. nutrients; wastes b. proteins; nutrients c. phosphates; wastes d. nutrients; proteins e. wastes; nutrients 2) which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause […]

1) microvilli and cilia differ in their function, but have the same internal structure. 2) structures in the midbrain control homeostasis and relay sensory signals to specific regions of the cerebral cortex. Answer: false 3) hypothermia may be fatal if […]

1) natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion. 2) albinism is the genetic lack of melanin that results in a milky white coloration of the skin. Answer: true 3) somatic reflexes are responses of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Answer: […]

1) hypercapnia and acidosis have positive chronotropic effects. 2) osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Answer: false 3) debridement is not necessary to infection control. Answer: false 4) albuminuria is a common sign of […]

1) special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries. a. water b. glucose c. vitamins d. amino acids e. lipids 2) what does the term “menstrual cycle” specifically refer to? a. the […]

1) pain, heat, and cold are detected by __________. a. tactile (meissner) discs b. tactile corpuscles c. lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles d. free nerve endings e. end (krause) bulbs 2) preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are _________ and secrete […]

1) which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content? a. gray matter b. white matter c. arachnoid mater d. dura mater e. pia mater 2) in order to regenerate, a peripheral nerve fiber must have which of […]

1) testosterone stimulates development of the secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and libido. 2) acetylcholine (ach) binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Answer: true 3) chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the […]

1) which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases? a.henry’s b.charles’s c.boyle’s d.dalton’s 2) the skin is a barrier to all of the following except __________. a. metals such as […]

1) the kidneys secrete adh in response to dehydration. 2) the absorptive state lasts about fifteen minutes after a meal. Answer: false 3) unsaturated fatty acids have as much hydrogen as they can carry. Answer: false 4) acidosis is a […]

1) a lesion in which structure would cause a person to have an erratic waking/sleeping cycle? a. satiety center b. mammillary nucleus c. suprachiasmatic nucleus d. pituitary gland e. medial geniculate nucleus 2) the connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle […]

1) a thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a __________. a. fixative b. histological section c. spread d. stain e. smear 2) which of the following does not contain ciliated cells? a. nasal cavity b. […]

1) what organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death? a.rough endoplasmic reticulum b.nucleus c.centriole d.lysosome e.mitochondrion 2) the main reason why an individual with type ab, rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type a, rh-positive […]

1) cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones. 2) the embryonic stage extends from 16 days through the end of week 8. Answer: true 3) hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood. Answer: false 4) most […]

1) the sodium-glucose transport protein (sglt) is one example of an active transport process involving a uniport carrier. 2) the parasympathetic division stimulates digestion. Answer: true 3) cytotoxic t cells respond only to antigens bound to mhc-i proteins. Answer: true […]

1) the acetabulum articulates with the __________. a. humerus b. femur c. patella d. tibia e. hip bone 2) an example of chemical digestion is the break down of__________ into __________. a. proteins; nucleotides b. amino acids; proteins c. polysaccharides; […]

1) the enzyme rna polymerase participates in translation. 2) men have one rib fewer than women. Answer: false 3) the hypothetico-deductive method is common in physiology, whereas the inductive method is common in anatomy. Answer: true 4) mental state does […]

1) a receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. this property is called _________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. efficacy d. saturation e. fidelity 2) […]

1) the ph of blood plasma is approximately 4, which is slightly acidic. 2) sutures are found between the cranial, facial, and sacral bones. Answer: true 3) we can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging (mri). Answer: true 4) […]

1) lymphatic vessels recover about __________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries. a. 5% b. 15% c. 25% d. 50% e. 85% 2) which one of the following is not in the correct anatomical position? a. arms at sides b. […]

1) the proliferative phase of the uterus is driven by estrogen from the ovaries. 2) circumduction is limited to ball-and-socket joints. Answer: false 3) a molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle). Answer: false 4) acetylcholine (ach) […]

1) the enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system. 2) some antibodies against foreign antigens can react to similar self-antigens, causing an autoimmune disease. Answer: true 3) transduction begins […]

1) _________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive. a. organ systems b. organs c. cells d. organelles e. molecules 2) the concentration of a solution may be expressed by all of the following except _________. a. weight per volume […]

1) carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except __________. a. glycolipids b. glycoproteins c. nucleic acids d. amino acids e. atp 2) one group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (nk) cells is __________. a. […]

1) oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes have similar effects on cell division. 2) desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells. Answer: false 3) the youngest keratinocytes are found in the stratum basale. Answer: true […]

1) after entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the _________. a. right ventricle b. pulmonary trunk c. superior vena cava d. ascending aorta e. left atrium 2) the middle primary germ layer is […]

1) all cranial nerves lead to structures in the head and neck. 2) oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin. Answer: true 3) the liver is proximal to the diaphragm. Answer: false 4) prostaglandins are considered paracrines. […]

1) memories are formed by neural pathways of modified synapses. 2) the brush borders of intestinal absorptive cells contain numerous goblet cells. Answer: false 3) hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium are three isotopes of hydrogen. Answer: true 4) ascending signals in […]

1) which of these has the highest h+ concentration? a. lemon juice, ph = 2.3 b. red wine, ph = 3.2 c. tomato juice, ph = 4.7 d. saliva, ph = 6.6 e. household ammonia, ph = 10.8 2) the […]

1) the __________ completely encloses the embryo and provides it witha stable environment. a. yolk sac b. amnion c. chorion d. chorionic villus e. allantois 2) the vibration of an ear drum is an example of __________ energy. a. kinetic […]

1) a skydiver’s parachute fails to deploy. after some struggle, his reserve chute deploys in time to save his life. however, his landing is harder than normal and he feels his knee slightly hyperextend. he shakes it off and goes […]

1) in familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood, those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults, and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies. this exemplifies __________. a. […]

1) achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________. a. primary ossification center b. secondary ossification center c. primary […]

1) the main stabilizer of the shoulder isthe biceps brachii muscle. 2) blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity. Answer: false 3) a cell starting prophase has 92 molecules of dna in its nucleus. Answer: true 4) the […]

1) what provides most of the natural lubrication during female sexual excitement? a. seminiferous tubules b. vaginal mucosa c. vestibular bulbs d. greater vestibular glands e. lesser vestibular glands 2) what is the infant’s only source of nutrition during the […]

1) the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue. a. interstitial b. muscle c. adipose d. epithelial e. nervous 2) the brain and spinal cord are protected by the _________. a. pleura […]

1) which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases? a. boyle’s b. valsalva’s c. dalton’s d. charles’s e. henry’s 2) which of the following […]

1) at what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail? a. spermatozoon b. spermatid c. primary spermatocyte d. secondary spermatocyte e. spermatogonium 2) which of the following is not a factor that determines the range of […]

1) according to the bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more co2. 2) a dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an h band. Answer: […]

1) atrial hypertrophy would probably cause an enlarged p wave on an electrocardiogram. 2) na+-k+ atpase is a countertransport antiport carrier, which always requires energy. Answer: true 3) sustentacular cells secrete inhibin, which regulates the rate of sperm production. Answer: […]

1) the ______ wraps around the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. a. pleura b. pericardium c. meninges d. visceral peritoneum e. parietal peritoneum 2) what type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin? a. simple […]

1) the membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of _________. a.simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue b.areolar and dense irregular connective tissue c.epithelium and lamina propria d.areolar tissue and […]

1) red bone marrow does not contain __________. a. myeloid tissue b. yellow bone marrow c. hemopoietic tissue d. white blood cells e. red blood cells 2) the abdominopelvic cavity contains a moist serous membrane called the __________. a. peritoneum […]

1) the anterior margin of the ovary is anchored by a peritoneal fold called the __________. a.broad ligament b.ovarian ligament c.suspensory ligament d.mesovarium 2) each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a(an) __________. a. hair follicle b. vellum […]

1) decompensated shock is normally corrected by the body’s homeostatic mechanisms. 2) aldosterone promotes potassium excretion. Answer: true 3) women with morning sickness tend to prefer spicy and pungent foods. Answer: false 4) chemical reactions in which larger molecules are […]

1) which of the following has the largest mitochondria? a. slow oxidative fibers b. fast glycolytic fibers c. cardiac muscle d. smooth muscle e. intermediate fibers 2) which of the following is a disaccharide? a.galactose b.lactose c.glucose d.fructose e.amylose Answer: […]

1) where is dystrophin, the protein that is defective in muscular dystrophy, normally found? a. between the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber b. as a transmembrane protein of the sarcolemma c. in the z discs of […]

1) the stretch reflex is the tendency of a muscle to stretch when it is overcontracted. 2) the atlantoaxial joint is the joint between c1 and c2. Answer: true 3) regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in […]

1) bony joints are the most common type of joints. 2) ventricular pressure increases the fastest during ventricular filling. Answer: false 3) the blood-csf barrier is composed of dense regular connective tissue lining the ventricles. Answer: false 4) scar tissue […]

1) sexual reproduction entails the union of two gonads to form a zygote. 2) an individual scientific fact has more information than a theory. Answer: false 3) hormones serve as intracellular messengers. Answer: false 4) if the sa node is […]

1) when it is cold, the __________ contracts and draws the testes closer to the body to keep them warm. a. cremaster muscle b. pampiniform plexus c. corpus spongiosum d. perineum e. corpus cavernosum 2) the __________ system exchanges oxygen […]

1) norepinephrine is a monoamine. 2) oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the cns that satellite cells do in the pns. Answer: false 3) the ovarian cycle typically lasts about 28 days, with day 1 considered to be the first […]

1) red bone marrow is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system. 2) mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood. Answer: true 3) inhibin modulates the secretion of lh. Answer: false 4) the nervous […]

1) groups of muscles are separated by which of the following? a. epimysium b. fascicles c. perimysium d. fascia e. endomysium 2) in a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________. a. repolarization of the plasma membrane […]

1) proteins perform all of the following functions except __________. a.catalyze metabolic reactions b.give structural strength to cells and tissues c.produce muscular and other forms of movement d.regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells e.store hereditary information 2) […]

1) each portion of the spinal cord, from which a spinal nerve emerges, is called a ‘segment” of the cord. 2) both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolic reactions. Answer: false 3) the medulla oblongata is the most rostral […]

1) which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow? a. rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels b. the thoracic pump c. the skeletal muscle pump d. the lymphatic node pump e. arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels 2) during […]

1) the aponeurosis of the external oblique forms the ________ at its inferior margin. a. linea alba b. rectus sheath c. linea semilunaris d. medial retinaculum e. inguinal ligament 2) suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. to […]

1) the mechanism of stabilizing the gfr based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________. a. renal autoregulation b. the myogenic mechanism c. tubuloglomerular feedback d. sympathetic control e. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism 2) […]

1) the serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates __________ immunity. a. artificial passive b. artificial active c. natural passive d. natural active e. artificial specific 2) what is the principal cation of the ecf? a. ca2+ b. cl- […]

1) which one of these muscles helps to open the mouth (depress the mandible)? a. zygomaticus major b. digastric c. sternohyoid d. depressor anguli oris e. hyoglossus 2) only autosomal trisomies involving chromosomes 13, 18, and 21 are survivable. why […]

1) mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth. 2) divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain. Answer: false 3) inadequate liver function is the most common reason that premature infants suffer from multiple dysfunctions. Answer: true […]

1) during exercise, arterioles to the skeletal muscles __________. a. dilate in response to increased muscle metabolites b. constrict in response to increased muscle metabolites c. dilate in response to increased o2 and decreased co2 d. constrict in response to […]

1) which of the following carry oxygen-poor blood? a. pulmonary veins and vena cavae b. aorta and pulmonary veins c. aorta and vena cavae d. venae cavae and pulmonary arteries e. pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries 2) many upper motor […]

1) which of the following is not an example of lymphatic tissue? a. peyer patches b. malt c. lymphatic nodules d. macrophages e. diffuse lymphatic tissue 2) which of the following statements regarding the migrating motor complex is true? a. […]

1) smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control. 2) trochanters are unique to the femur. Answer: true 3) hair and nails are composed of collagen. Answer: false 4) interleukins are chemical signals by which immune cells communicate with each […]

1) the liver stores excess iron in ferritin. 2) interferons are secreted in response to bacterial infections. Answer: false 3) the appendix is typically found in the right lower quadrant. Answer: true 4) vasoreflexes can raise or lower blood pressure […]

1) a patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. a spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). this individual most likely has what condition? a. parkinson disease b. alzheimer […]

1) the flat-shaped cells found covering the skin are _________ in shape. a. cuboidal b. columnar c. cylindrical d. squamous e. spherical 2) which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa? […]

1) the anterior pitiurary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus. a. smaller; no nervous b. larger; a nervous c. larger; no nervous d. smaller; a nervous 2) hypercalcemia means _________. a. elevated calcium […]

1) at early puberty, follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) stimulate enlargement of the testes. 2) angiotensin-converting enzyme is found only in the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin i. Answer: false 3) a nerve fiber is enclosed […]

1) closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone. 2) consumption of excess calories during adulthood causes adipocytes to multiply. Answer: false 3) teratogens usually do not cause congenital anomalies. Answer: false 4) unlike men, […]

1) osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals. 2) when the abdomen is divided into nine regions, the most superior horizontal line is called the midclavicular line. Answer: false 3) arterial flow to the lower […]

1) the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)regulates the opening between the _________ and the _________. a. right atrium; left atrium b. right atrium; right ventricle c. right atrium; left ventricle d. left atrium; left ventricle e. left ventricle; right ventricle 2) […]

1) where does the highest rate of tissue protein turnover occur? a. the intestinal mucosa b. the gastric mucosa c. the hepatic sinusoids d. the splenic sinusoids e. the pancreatic islets 2) during climacteric, women secrete __________. a.less estrogen and […]

1) blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated by precapillary sphincters. 2) lung tissue receives nourishment and waste removal from the pulmonary circuit. Answer: false 3) the first haploid stage of spermatogenesis is prophase ii. Answer: true 4) a […]

1) some people suffer involuntary urination due toincompetence of what muscle? a. external urethral sphincter b. bulbospongiosus c. compressor urethrae d. ischiocavernosus e. levator ani 2) which of the bones below does not belong to the appendicular skeleton? a. clavicle […]

1) mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail. a. nail plate b. nail fold c. eponychium d. hyponychium e. nail matrix 2) which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions? a. the adrenal gland […]

1) the hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness. a. calcitonin b. melanin c. melatonin d. hepcidin e. inhibin 2) __________________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and […]

1) the allele for cleft chin (c) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). a male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. what is the chance that this child will have an […]

1) the pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________. a. monochrome b. urochrome c. cyanochrome d. multichrome e. pyuria 2) why is 90% of the cerebral cortex referred to as the neocortex? a. it developed recently evolutionarily […]

1) prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by the time the infant is born. 2) a sacral fracture affecting the s3 and s4 nerve roots would result in a person having […]

1) the study of normal body structures is called __________. a. microscopy b. pathology c. physiology d. anatomy e. biology 2) eyes and ears are innervated by _________ fibers. a. white b. visceral c. somatic d. special e. general Answer: […]

1) which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?4-25-2013 a. hypoglycemia b. polyuria c. polyphagia d. polydipsia e. glucosuria 2) which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle? a. they depend almost exclusively on […]

1) in which structure is the arbor vitae found? a. left cerebral hemisphere b. tegmentum in the midbrain c. cerebellum d. reticular formation e. diencephalon 2) where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons? a. midbrain b. thalamus […]

1) which two substances are most useful for determining a patient’s glomerular filtration rate? a. insulin and glucose b. inulin and creatinine c. sodium and water d. albumin and inulin e. insulin and urea 2) which of the following is […]

1) some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (mao). what is the function of this enzyme? a. it binds to chloride gates. b. it breaks down monoamines. c. it blocks sodium channels. d. it converts atp to cyclic amp. […]

1) a __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous __________. a. nerve fiber; nerves b. nerve fiber; axons c. nerve; axons d. nerve fiber; neurosomas e. nerve; neurosomas 2) which of the following is not a feature that connective […]

1) blood vessels in the __________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition. a. bulb b. root c. shaft d. dermal papilla e. medulla 2) which body region is controlled by the largest area of the motor cortex? […]