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The estimated energy requirements equations developed by the Food and Nutrition Board were based on a. data from indirect calorimetry. b. body surface area. c. data from total daily energy expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method. d. body […]

Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is false. The Cori cycle would be active under anaerobic conditions, such as excessive muscle exertion. True/False Fatty acids are converted into glucose by […]

During protein digestion, peptides are broken into free amino acids mainly a. in the mouth. b. in the stomach. c. at the brush border. d. within the enterocyte. The current thought about using antioxidant supplements to decrease risk to cancer […]

Which antioxidant is most effective in rapidly eliminating hydroxyl radicals prior to initiation of oxidative damage? a. vitamin E b. vitamin C c. vitamin K d. beta-carotene The thermic effect of food represents _____. a. the BMR minus the energy […]

MATCHING Classification 1) oxidoreductases 2) hydrolases 3) transferases 4) lyases 5) ligases Examples a. Enzymes that catalyze cleavage of C-C, C-S, and certain C-N bonds (excluding peptide bonds) without hydrolysis or oxidation-reduction b. Enzymes forming bonds between carbon and other […]

The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be _____. a. mutations causing cancer b. interactions with transcription factors c. production of SNPs d. downregulation of translation Which is the best technique […]

Complete the following paragraph with the choices given. Vitamin A functions in the visual cycle. This mechanism involves a vitamin A molecule called A , combining with B to form C . When photon energy strikes this molecule, it splits […]

Which of the following is NOT true regarding anorexia? a. Of psychiatric disorders, anorexia has the highest mortality rate. b. Anorectics simply restrict calories severely and never binge and purge. c. People with anorexia have a distorted body image and […]

The discipline of nutritional genomics studies _____. a. the interactions among genes and bioactive components in food that change gene expression without changing the DNA nucleotide sequence (nutritional epigenetics) b. inborn changes in DNA nucleotide sequences or gene variants (nutrigenetics) […]

Basal metabolic rate represents _____. a. the rate of energy expenditure that sustains basic life processes in all cells in the awake state b. the rate of energy expenditure when the body is at rest and no food has been […]

What ultratrace element plays a role in the metabolism of methionine to taurine? a. boron b. arsenic c. vanadium d. nickel Which of the volatile short-chain fatty acids is said to have antineoplastic properties affecting colorectal cancer? a. acetic b. […]

The organelle that serves as the digestive system for the cell is the _____. a. polysome b. endosome c. lysosome d. ribosome Which of the following vitamins has a Tolerable Upper Intake Level established? a. thiamin b. riboflavin c. vitamin […]

Which is NOT related to the functions of vitamin A? a. neurological function b. growth c. immunity d. cell differentiation Which element is second only to oxygen in abundance on earth? a. nickel b. vanadium c. silicon d. cobalt Answer: […]

Three short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon are _____. a. lactate, sodium acetate, and carbon dioxide b. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci c. methane, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen d. acetic, propionic, and butyric Which of […]

In electron transfer, an electron donor reduces the electron receptor and in the process becomes a. oxidized. b. transformed. c. reduced. d. flavin mononucleotide. When oxidized, which nutrient(s) provide(s) the lowest respiratory quotient? a. carbohydrate b. protein c. fat d. […]

When the plasma concentration of H ions exceeds the normal range the condition is called: a. alkalosis. b. acidosis. Pepcid, a drug that is classified as a H2 receptor antagonist, acts by _____. a. inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions […]

The kind and amount of phytochemicals in a plant varies with a. environmental conditions during plant growth. b. stage of ripeness. c. storage conditions. d. all of the above Which hormonal changes occur in response to a fall in blood […]

Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet? a. arachidonic acid b. omega-9 fatty acid c. linoleic acid d. oleic acid The parasympathetic nervous system affects gastrointestinal motility by a. stimulating peristalsis. b. constricting sphincters. […]

In the enzyme methionine synthase, vitamin B12 acts by accepting a _____ group from _____ and donating this group to _____ to form methionine. a. carbon, methionine, folate b. methyl, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, homocysteine c. methyl, formiminoglutamic acid, succinyl-CoA d. carbon, serine, […]

What is the primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for synthesis of protein, providing about 50% of the liver energy needs after a meal? a. oxidation b. decarboxylation c. phosphorylation d. hydrogenation What are two […]

During starvation, or when following a very-low-carbohydrate diet, the consumption of alcohol may cause hypoglycemia. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor? a. Alcohol breakdown depletes NADPH. b. Alcohol breakdown favors the reduction of DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate. c. […]