Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be supplied by the diet?
a. arachidonic acid
b. omega-9 fatty acid
c. linoleic acid
d. oleic acid
The parasympathetic nervous system affects gastrointestinal motility by
a. stimulating peristalsis.
b. constricting sphincters.
c. decreasing muscle contractions.
d. inhibiting peptide production.
The HDL accomplishes its function in reverse cholesterol transport in two ways.
Choose the phrase that does NOT describe one of these.
a. increased apoC-2 activity to reduce its triacylglycerol content
b. increased activity of LCAT on vascular endothelial cells
c. increased activity of transferring cholesterol to other lipoproteins
d. using its apoE component to bind to LDL receptors
What is the final common catabolic pathway for metabolism of carbohydrate, protein,
and fat?
a. acetyl-CoA; oxidation
b. gluconeogenesis; glycolysis
c. Krebs cycle; electron transport
d. lipolysis; ketogenesis
When a person hyperventilates and “blows off” CO2, what effect does this have on pH?
a. lowers it
b. raises it
c. does not alter it significantly
d. delays any changes in it
In what organelle are the enzymes that catalyze the citric acid cycle located?
a. cytoplasmic matrix
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. mitochondrion
d. lysosome
A deficiency of what vitamin is associated with these symptoms: hallucinations,
lethargy, skin rash, alopecia, and muscle pain?
a. biotin
b. thiamin
c. vitamin C
d. vitamin B12
A deficiency of which vitamin is commonly associated with rickets?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
Ascorbic acid may act as a pro-oxidant by:
a. reducing ferrous iron.
b. mobilizing ferric iron from storage.
c. reacting with transferrin-bound iron.
d. reducing dehydroascorbic acid.
The energy needed to raise the energy of a reactant sufficiently to cause an exothermic
reaction to occur is referred to as the
a. transition state.
b. barrier state.
c. activation energy.
d. free energy.
Which classical vitamin deficiency is known for the four Ds: dermatitis, dementia,
diarrhea, and death?
a. thiamin
b. niacin
c. biotin
d. folic acid
Which of the following contributes the highest thermic effect of food?
a. fats
b. mixed diet with at least 50% carbohydrate
c. carbohydrates
d. proteins
Which of the following types of foods contributes the most fiber in a usual serving?
a. whole-grain breads
b. legumes, beans
c. meat, dairy
d. leafy vegetables
Which vitamin is believed to function like a steroid hormone?
a. choline
b. vitamin A
c. vitamin D
d. vitamin E
Research has shown that supplements of which mineral are associated with significant
reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, especially in individuals with
hypertension?
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. sodium
Usage of acetyl-CoA in the cell depends on the metabolic/physiological state of
humans. Identify 4 possible uses of acetyl-CoA, the corresponding states of the human
being, and the organ and cellular locations where these processes occur.
In what cells will you find most of the retinol and vitamin A stored?
a. stellate
b. gallbladder
c. fundus
d. antrum
Amino acids from muscle breakdown provide the chief substrate for which metabolic
process?
a. glycolysis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. glycogenesis
d. pentose phosphate pathway
Which hormone, stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart, functions
to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion?
a. vasopressin
b. atrial natriuretic peptide
c. aldosterone
d. angiotensin II
Name the genetic disease associated with the lack of the liver enzyme necessary to
convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
a. maple syrup urine disease
b. phenylketonuria
c. homocystinuria
d. lactase deficiency
Which of the following fibers stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and thus are
considered prebiotics?
a. lignins
b. fructans
c. beta-glucans
d. cellulose
Where would you find iron regulatory element binding protein (IRE-BP)?
a. cytosol
b. nucleus
c. mitochondria
d. none of the above
A genetic defect diminishing branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
activity results in
a. phenylketonuria.
b. homocysteinuria.
c. cystathioninuria.
d. maple syrup urine disease.
Which of the following lipoproteins are normally NOT present in blood in the fasting
state?
a. VLDL
b. chylomicrons
c. LDL
d. HDL
Which of the following is needed for the visual cycle?
a. 11-cis retinal
b. 9-cis retinoic acid
c. lycopene
d. cryptoxanthin
What is the most probable problem if the function of the parotid glands is decreased?
a. lack of triglyceride digestion
b. hard to form bolus
c. saliva that is too thin ” a high water to mucus ratio
d. diarrhea due to malabsorption
Which of the following is considered a prebiotic?
a. brans
b. galactose
c. fructans
d. lactose
Biotin must be covalently bound to each of four different enzymes in order for them to
carry out _____.
a. decarboxylations
b. oxidation-reduction reactions
c. transfer of acetate groups
d. carboxylations
. Which of the following is NOT a cationic electrolyte of extracellular fluid?
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. bicarbonate
What is the role of cholesterol in plasma membrane structure?
a. produce bile
b. regulate fluidity
c. reduce stability
d. produce hormones
Trans unsaturated fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty
acids because they
a. are unnatural and only formed during fat processing.
b. cause excess blood clotting.
c. elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL.
d. were found to cause sudden cardiac arrest in women.