Which is NOT related to the functions of vitamin A?
a. neurological function
b. growth
c. immunity
d. cell differentiation
Which element is second only to oxygen in abundance on earth?
a. nickel
b. vanadium
c. silicon
d. cobalt
Which mineral is known to influence nickel absorption?
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. iodine
d. iron
Lactose intolerance is common in all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. European Americans
b. African Americans
c. American Indians
d. Asian Americans
Insulin is an anabolic hormone. Which process does insulin stimulate?
a. lipolysis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. glycogenesis
d. ketogenesis
Genes contained in mitochondrial DNA are inherited only from the mother and code for
a. all proteins functioning within the mitochondrial matrix.
b. non-functional ancient proteins considered remnants of evolution.
c. proteins vital to the production of ATP.
d. antioxidant proteins.
What structural body made up of flattened cisternae flanked by tubular networks is
thought to be an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum?
a. nucleus
b. cytoplasm
c. lysosome
d. Golgi apparatus
What antithrombotic n-3 fatty acid is found in fish oil?
a. alpha-linolenic
b. eicosapentaenoic
c. arachidonic
d. stearic
Although excess absorbed ascorbic acid is excreted in urine, the body has an estimated
maximal body pool of about _____, which can be maintained with intakes of 100-200
mg vitamin C per day.
a. 500 mg
b. 1000 mg
c. 1500 mg
d. 2000 mg
Which of the choices listed below is NOT a reaction of the hepatocyte to an excess
amount of free cholesterol?
a. increase ACAT activity to store cholesterol
b. decrease HMG-CoA reductase activity
c. down-regulate the apoB-100/E receptors
d. decrease LPL activity
Which mineral serves as the major intracellular fluid cation?
a. calcium
b. chloride
c. sodium
d. potassium
Regulation of Proteins by Vitamins. Micronutrients, like vitamins, typically regulate
gene expression (i.e., induction) directly. Use either vitamin D or vitamin A to illustrate
this conceptbe complete and thorough in your answer. Don”t just draw a diagram
without some discussion and make sure everything is labeled and/or defined.
Vitamin K deficiency in adults is most likely due to:
a. oxalic acid in food.
b. achlorhydria.
c. antibiotic therapy.
d. a high-fiber diet.
Boron is associated with which of the following functions?
a. metabolism of methionine and methylation of DNA
b. bone development and mediation of the inflammatory response
c. synthesis of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen
d. insulin action
Which of the following amino acids is ketogenic?
a. glycine
b. alanine
c. leucine
d. aspartate
Phytochemicals are
a. new vitamins being found in plants.
b. non-nutrient plant compounds that are biologically active.
c. mineral compounds derived from plants.
d. another name for herbal medicines.
The purpose of the hexose monophosphate shunt is to produce
a. pentose phosphates and NADPH.
b. DNA and RNA.
c. fatty acids.
d. reducing substrates.
Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of _____.
a. phospholipids
b. cholesterol
c. proteins
d. saturated fatty acids
Which regulatory peptides in the pancreatic phase of digestion activate the release of
brush-border enzymes such as enteropeptidase?
a. trypsinogen and trypsin
b. cholecystokinin and secretin
c. carboxypeptidase A and B
d. elastin and chymotrypsin
Formation of retinol from beta-carotene requires the presence of what B vitamin?
a. ascorbic acid
b. folic acid
c. niacin
d. pyridoxal phosphate
What organ provides the major site for lipoprotein formation from exogenously derived
lipids?
a. pancreas
b. adipose tissue
c. intestine
d. liver
What is the RQ for an ordinary mixed diet of carbohydrate, protein, and fat?
a. 0.75
b. 0.80
c. 0.85
d. 0.15
The parietal cells secrete _____.
a. hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
b. instrinsic factor and gastrin
c. gastrin and zymogens
d. zymogens and hydrochloric acid
Maintaining balance in the regulation of metabolic pathways necessary for life of the
organism includes all of these catalytic regulatory mechanisms EXCEPT _____.
a. increasing the synthesis of constitutive enzymes
b. covalent modification through hormone stimulation
c. modulation of allosteric enzymes
d. increasing adaptable enzyme concentration by induction
Folate in foods can only be absorbed in the monoglutamate form; therefore, digestive
enzymes called _____ are important for folate nutriture.
a. hydrolases
b. lipases
c. conjugases
d. legumes
Chromium absorption is inhibited by _____ and enhanced by _____.
a. antacids, picolinate
b. methionine, phytic acid
c. picolinic acid, vitamin C
d. phenylalanine, histidine
Thiamin is important to fatty acid synthesis due to its requirement as a coenzyme for
the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme _____.
a. dopamine monooxygenase
b. transketolase
c. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
d. phenylalanine hydroxylase
In which part of the nephron is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?
a. ascending loop of Henle
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. collecting ducts
d. proximal tubule
Which fiber type is poorly fermentable?
a. lignin
b. pectin
c. gums
d. resistant starch
Which of the following dietary components impedes copper absorption?
a. gluconate
b. phosphate
c. citric acid
d. phytic acid
To absorb folate consumed from green, leafy vegetables, _____.
a. phosphate groups much be removed by the action of alkaline phosphatase
b. glutamate must be transaminated to form alpha-ketoglutarate
c. glutamic acid molecules must be removed
d. glutamic acid molecules must be added