During protein digestion, peptides are broken into free amino acids mainly
a. in the mouth.
b. in the stomach.
c. at the brush border.
d. within the enterocyte.
The current thought about using antioxidant supplements to decrease risk to cancer and
heart disease is:
a. more is better.
b. eat antioxidant-rich foods instead.
c. vitamin E supplements work; β-carotene does not.
d. only vitamin C has much promise.
Carbon-carbon double bonds in the trans form
a. result in a kinking of the fatty acid into a U-shape.
b. extend the fatty acid into a linear shape.
c. are required to create saturated fatty acids.
d. are the hallmark of essential fatty acids.
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for
guarding against fluctuation in pH?
a. temperature variation
b. buffer systems
c. respiratory center
d. renal regulation
The majority of the pancreatic tissue is _____.
a. endocrine in function
b. exocrine in function
Which of the following homopolysaccharides made of glucose contributes the most
energy to the ordinary diet?
a. amylose
b. amylopectin
c. glycogen
d. cellulose
ZIP4
a. mutations result in zinc toxicity due to acrodermatitis enteropathica.
b. is the primary transporter of zinc into enterocytes.
c. is expressed only in the liver.
d. degrades more rapidly when zinc intakes are low.
Which of the following interacts with fluoride in such a way as to inhibit absorption?
a. aluminum
b. phosphate
c. calcium
d. sodium
Use the molecules below to answer.
Which is retinoic acid?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
What percentage of cholesterol in bile is used to form chylomicrons?
a. none of it
b. 10%
c. 25%
d. 50%
Choose the best description of the action of bile.
a. Bile hydrolyzes ester bonds of the triacylglycerols.
b. Bile anchors into dietary lipid so that pancreatic lipase can act.
c. Bile emulsifies dietary lipid to increase its surface area.
d. Bile digests the ester bond of the dietary cholesteryl ester.
Glycemic control is _____ in response to foods rich in fiber or to fiber supplements.
a. unchanged
b. improved
c. reduced
d. not known
Which of the following is NOT a suggested reason for the effectiveness of a
high-protein weight-loss diet?
a. Protein provides satiety over a longer period of time.
b. Thermogenesis from protein is greater.
c. Dyslipidemia is altered by high protein intake.
d. Fat-free mass is preserved and basal metabolism is maintained.
Which of the following is a mechanism for the constipation relief provided by
fructooligosaccharides and inulin?
a. decreases in microbial mass
b. decreases in osmotic pressure in the colon
c. shortened transit time
d. increased time available for water absorption
The fatty acid structure below is an omega-_____ fatty acid called _____.
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
a. 3, linolenic
b. 6, linoleic
c. 6, eicosapentaenoic
d. 9, oleic
Which mineral is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid?
a. sodium
b. chloride
c. phosphorus
d. magnesium
The enzyme that converts retinol to retinal and ethanol to acetyl-aldehyde contains 4
____ atoms.
a. copper
b. iodine
c. zinc
d. iron
The energy pool that serves as the major linking intermediate between energy-yielding
and energy-demanding chemical reactions is:
a. activation energy.
b. NAD.
c. ATP.
d. free energy.
Which is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels
is essential to life of the cells?
a. calcium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. bicarbonate
What is a symptom of a vitamin D toxicity?
a. hypercalcemia
b. hypocalcemia
c. rickets
d. osteoporosis
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is associated with
a. lipid synthesis.
b. protein synthesis.
c. the calcium ion pump necessary for the contractile process.
d. ribosomes and cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Membrane proteins serve as all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. pumps
b. detoxifiers
c. receptors
d. enzymes
Under the influence of insulin, which of the following pathways is increased?
a. glycogenesis
b. glycogenolysis
c. phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
d. phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase
Name a water-soluble, gel-forming fiber that functions in the plant as intracellular
cement and that is used commercially to make jellies and to provide fiber in enteral
formulas.
a. lignin
b. gum
c. pectin
d. cellulose
Ascorbic acid can reduce the oxidized form of vitamin E. Choose the phrase that
describes this.
a. Ascorbic acid reduces the tocopheroxy radical to the quinone form; ascorbic acid is
oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid.
b. Ascorbic acid reduces the hydroquinone form to the quinone form; ascorbic acid is
reduced to semi-dehydroascorbic acid.
c. Ascorbic acid reduces the tochopheroxy radical to the tocopherol form; ascorbic acid
is oxidized to semi-dehydroascorbate.
Which vitamin is associated with improved plasma membrane structure and glucose
transport/metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
Glycemic load considers the _____ in the food.
a. protein and carbohydrate content
b. fat and carbohydrate content
c. fat to carbohydrate ratio
d. quantity and quality of carbohydrate
What is the IBW of the woman in question #25, calculated using the modified Devine
formula?
a. 127 lb
b. 130 lb
c. 137 lb
d. 140 lb
Mr. S. takes warfarin due to his valve replacement surgery. He is an avid gardener and
enjoys eating the many green leafy vegetables he grows. You caution Mr. S. to tell his
physician about this because the amount of warfarin he takes may need to be _____
a. decreased
b. increased
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of factors in one individual that causes increased risk
for all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. cardiovascular disease
b. chronic kidney disease
c. type 2 diabetes
d. type 1 diabetes
Arterial fatty steaks are formed primarily due to
a. platelet aggregation at the endothelium.
b. smooth muscle proliferation.
c. toxicity of oxidized LDL to endothelial cells.
d. accumulation of foam cells filled with cholesterol.
Cheilosis is a symptom of a dietary deficiency of which vitamin?
a. niacin
b. ascorbic acid
c. riboflavin
d. biotin
The disaccharidases are synthesized by the _____.
a. pancreas04
b. liver
c. enterocyte
d. chief cell
In the cell structure the _____ provides support and controls the movement of cell
organelles.
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. mitochondrion
c. cytoskeleton
d. matrix space
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
All tissues prefer glucose first, and then fatty acids, to meet their energy needs.
Describe the role of antioxidants in reducing risk of coronary heart disease,
atherosclerosis, and cancer.
Describe the cytoskeleton (microtrabecular lattice) and its role as an
intercommunication system of proteins and other macromolecules.
What is the role of the liver in amino acid metabolism? Discuss 3 things that occur in
the liver as amino acids from the portal vein enter the liver. Your answer should include
the types of compounds that are synthesized, and the metabolic reactions involved.
Provide the appropriate information for four regulatory peptides in the following table.
Information in each row must match.
Discuss niacin equivalents and how they are calculated based on protein intake.
Enzymes are regulated by induction, covalent regulation (a form of posttranslational
modification), and allosteric modification. Pick out THREE (3) of your favorite
enzymes from the enzymes involved in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis,
glycogenesis, or glycogenolysis. Then, indicate: the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes;
what tissue(s) this occurs in; how it is regulated (via one of the mechanisms listed
above); and what signals are involved in its regulation. NOTE: Long answers are
unnecessarythis can be done in a relatively short single sentence.
Discuss the factors that initiate the process that leads to plaque formation.
Discuss four health claims relating to fiber that have been approved by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration.
Explain the difference between direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry.
A diet rich in simple sugars increases the hepatic formation of newly synthesized fatty
acids and then neutral lipids called _____ from glucose. These neutral lipids are
transported from the liver to the adipose tissue by compound lipids called _____.
Explain the role of the catecholamines in muscle glycogenolysis.
In the hepatocyte, cholesterol is _____ into the two primary bile acids, _____ and
_____ acids.
What are the indicators of visceral protein status and why are some more sensitive to
changes than others?
Although all produce symptoms of toxicity, not all of the important trace elements have
a Tolerable Upper Intake Level established. Give the UL and/or the toxicity symptoms
of arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, and vanadium.