The kind and amount of phytochemicals in a plant varies with
a. environmental conditions during plant growth.
b. stage of ripeness.
c. storage conditions.
d. all of the above
Which hormonal changes occur in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration?
a. increased insulin, decreased glucagon
b. decreased insulin, increased glucagon
c. decreased insulin, decreased glucocorticoids
d. increased insulin, increased glucagon
Under anaerobic conditions within a cell, how many net ATPs are formed from one
glucose molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation?
a. one
b. two
c. four
d. six
Glycolysis is a process involving:
a. synthesis of fatty acids.
b. reactions that convert glucose to glycogen.
c. reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate.
d. reactions that convert glycogen to protein.
Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor are atherogenic because they
a. attract blood monocytes into the intima.
b. oxidize membrane fatty acids.
c. absorb cholesterol readily to become foam cells.
d. delay clotting of platelets, which narrows the lumen, restricting blood flow.
Among the regulatory peptide molecules, some are recognized as true hormones. Which
of the following is a paracrine rather than a hormone?
a. somatostatin
b. secretin
c. cholecystokinin
d. gastrin
Sucrose digestion is initiated in the _____.
a. pylorus
b. fundus
c. duodenum
d. mouth
Which of the following amino acids is glucogenic in the post-absorptive state?
a. taurine
b. leucine
c. alanine
d. lysine
Which trace mineral participates in the greatest number of enzyme systems?
a. zinc
b. iron
c. selenium
d. copper
Which vitamin D molecule would you expect to see in fortified foods?
a. ergocalciferol ” vitamin D2
b. calcidiol ” 25-OH D3
c. calcitriol ” 1,25-OH2 D3
d. cholecalciferol ” vitamin D3
Which statement about selenium metabolism is true?
a. Free selenide can be converted into selenophosphate.
b. Selenocysteine is degraded to yield selenomethionine.
c. Dietary selenocysteine can be utilized directly to produce selenium-dependent
enzymes.
d. Significant cellular damage occurs only with complete cessation of selenoprotein
synthesis.
A high rate of ethanol ingestion causes an _____.
a. increase in gluconeogenesis
b. increase in fatty acid synthesis
c. increase in protein breakdown
d. increase in glycogen synthesis
Glycerophosphatides serve which of the following functions?
a. source of stored energy
b. constituent of cell and organelle membranes
c. precursor for long-chain n-3 fatty acids
d. constituent of myelin sheaths
What is a major function of chloride?
a. protein synthesis in cells
b. the principal intracellular electrolyte
c. wound healing
d. maintenance of gastric acidity
Which statement is true?
a. The use of high-fructose corn syrup in U.S. products increased between 1970 and
1998, but has since leveled off.
b. Between 2000 and 2010, use of high-fructose corn syrup in the U.S. food supply was
about twice the use of table sugars.
c. High-fructose corn syrup and corn syrup are two names for the same product.
d. All high-fructose corn syrup sold in the U.S. is made from corn.
By what mechanism do soluble fibers decrease the absorption of lipids?
a. by increasing growth of bacteria that use the lipids
b. by lowering blood cholesterol
c. by adsorbing/interacting with lipids
d. by reducing mineral absorption
What is considered the toxic level of blood ethanol?
a. less than 10 mg/dL
b. 11 to 24 mg/dL
c. 25 to 45 mg/dL
d. 50 to 80 mg/dL
What type of resistant starch is formed during food processing such as the cooking and
cooling of starchy foods?
a. RS1
b. RS2
c. RS3
d. RS4
Which of the following groups of foods are richest in boron, providing 1.0 to 4.5
mg/100 g?
a. raisins, legumes, nuts, and avocados
b. pork, beef, and poultry
c. milk , butter, cheese, and yogurt
d. fish and shellfish
Discuss the benefits of fermentable fibers in terms of their prebiotic function.
Choose the food that is high in vitamin A palmitate.
a. spinach
b. liver
c. carrots
d. pumpkin
Choose the correct order of the phrases below to explain the response of the body to a
decline in serum calcium levels. Choose the BEST answer.
1) Increased release of PTH
2) Decreased release of PTH
3) Increased synthesis of calbindin
4) Increased synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2 D3
5) Increased bone absorption
6) Increased calcium absorption
7) Decreased bone resorption
8) Increased calcium excretion
9) Increased bone resorption
a. 1, 5, 4, 8
b. 1, 3, 5, 9
c. 2, 3, 9, 6
d. 1, 4, 3, 6
Riboflavin coenzymes remain bound to their enzymes during the oxidation-reduction
reactions and the complexes are called _____.
a. apoenzymes
b. flavokinases
c. bound enzymes
d. flavoproteins
The enzyme needed to hydrolyze the α (1,6) bond of amylopectin is _____, which is
secreted from the _____.
a. amylase, enterocyte
b. sucrase, pancreas
c. lactase, enterocyte
d. isomaltase, enterocyte
Regulation of herbal supplements in the United States
a. is separate from the regulation of vitamins.
b. guarantees that the herbal supplements are safe and effective.
c. falls under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994.
d. requires that therapeutic claims be clearly listed on the label.
What is the nutritional significance of stereoisomers?
a. Some isomers cannot cyclize.
b. Certain metabolic enzymes require a particular structure.
c. Certain isomers cannot polarize light.
d. Some isomers have no anomeric carbon.
A key enzyme in liver urea production requires four _____ atoms per molecule.
a. iron
b. copper
c. zinc
d. manganese
Sun exposure does not cause hypervitaminosis D because _____.
a. cutaneous production of the vitamin reaches a maximum
b. sunburned skin is not sensitive to the UV wavelength that causes previtamin D3
synthesis
c. inactive products are synthesized from pre-vitamin D3 and D3
d. vitamin D-binding protein is not saturated with D3
The addition to the diet of which food will alleviate the problem of endemic goiter?
a. cabbage
b. broccoli
c. cassava
d. iodized salt
Which hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active
reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules?
a. antidiuretic hormone
b. aldosterone
c. androsterone
d. adrenocortical
You”ve just read an article about a newly discovered nutrient that is water soluble. What
can you predict about how it is absorbed and transported in the body? If instead this
new nutrient were lipid soluble, how would these processes be different? To answer
this, match three terms with each type of nutrient solubility.
Term
1) passive diffusion
2) lymphatic system
3) capillaries in villi
4) chylomicron
5) active/facilitated transport
Type of solubility
a. water-soluble
b. lipid-soluble
If asked about the relationship of vitamin D to autoimmune disease, the best
information for a dietetic professional to provide is:
a. the evidence does not support a relationship at this time.
b. the evidence is only in animals, not humans.
c. some evidence suggests a protective effect of vitamin D.
d. take a supplement containing 2000 IU vitamin D each day.