The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in
food appears to be _____.
a. mutations causing cancer
b. interactions with transcription factors
c. production of SNPs
d. downregulation of translation
Which is the best technique to assess status of vitamin A liver stores?
a. serum retinol levels
b. the relative dose response
c. clinical eye examinations
Which element has a positive influence on collagen synthesis and bone mineralization?
a. silicon
b. vanadium
c. arsenic
d. nickel
In which organelle do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. nucleus
c. microsomes
d. mitochondrion
What amino acid plays an important role in controlling toxicity from ammonia released
during amino acid catabolism by the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction?
a. glutamine
b. glycine
c. serine
d. valine
Glutathione loses two electrons when it acts as an antioxidant. Glutathione is _____.
a. oxidized
b. reduced
The product(s) of pepsin’s action is/are _____.
a. disaccharides
b. amylose
c. short-chain fatty acids
d. hydrolyzed proteins
The RDA for vitamin C for adult men is _____ and the UL is _____.
a. 75 mg, 500 mg
b. 100 mg, 500 mg
c. 90 mg, 2000 mg
d. 200 mg, 2000 mg
Functional fiber is currently defined as
a. carbohydrates and lignin that are nondigestible by human enzymes and are intact and
intrinsic in plants.
b. carbohydrates that are nondigestible by human enzymes, have been isolated,
extracted or manufactured, and have been shown to have beneficial physiological
effects in humans.
c. all dietary fiber.
d. the same as crude fiber.
Nutrient-drug interactions caused by consuming amines in foods such as aged cheeses
with monoamine oxidase inhibitors used to treat depression are most likely to result in
a. high blood pressure and cardiac dysrhythmia.
b. poor absorption of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
c. enhanced metabolism of the drug rendering it less effective when taken on an empty
stomach.
d. enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.
Which of the water-soluble vitamins is found widely distributed in all plant and animal
foods, which makes a deficiency unlikely?
a. riboflavin
b. folic acid
c. pantothenic acid
d. pyridoxine
Carbon in the one-carbon pool can be in the 5-methyl-THF form or the
5,10-methylene-THF form. Which statement is FALSE?
a. Both forms of carbon (methyl and methylene) can be used directly for thymidylate
synthesis.
b. The methylene group of 5,10-methylene-THF can be oxidized to generate
5-methyl-THF and vice versa.
c. B12 is a cofactor for utilization of the methyl group in the conversion of
homocysteine to methionine.
d. More than one is false.
Abnormal LDL receptors fail to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream, resulting in
_____.
a. suppression of acyl-CoA cholesteryl acyl transferase (ACAT)
b. suppression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase
c. hypertriglyceridemia
d. familial hypercholesterolemia
A mutation in the genetic code (i.e., DNA) could result in the wrong amino acid
inserted into the synthesis of a given protein, thereby affecting the ability of the protein
to function properly due to changes in its conformation.
Approximately how much chyme per minute is allowed to enter the duodenum from the
stomach?
a. 1-5 mL
b. 6-10 mL
c. 11-15 mL
d. 16-20 Ml
How long does it take for most of the carbohydrate, protein, and fat to be absorbed from
chyme after it enters the small intestine?
a. 10 minutes
b. 30 minutes
c. 1 hour
d. 2 hours
Which drug therapy is associated with reduced cholesterol synthesis in the liver?
a. insulin
b. niacin
c. gene therapy
d. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Serotonin is made from which amino acid?
a. tyrosine
b. niacin
c. threonine
d. tryptophan
What is the carrier molecule needed for mitochondrial membrane transport of
long-chain fatty acids and their CoA derivatives?
a. carnitine
b. creatine
c. creatinine
d. cysteine
Which of the following would you find under B12-deficient conditions and the methyl
trap hypothesis?
a. accumulation of 5-methylene THF
b. depletion of homocysteine
c. accumulation of THF
d. accumulation of 5-methyl THF
e. more than one of the above
Quantification of total body water or total body potassium by the use of _____ permits
calculation of body composition.
a. neutron activation
b. infrared light
c. high-frequency ultrasonic energy
d. radioactive or stable isotopes
Bioelectrical impedance analysis, a method used to determine body composition, is
based on which principle?
a. Atomic nuclei behave like magnets when an external magnetic field is applied across
the body.
b. Adipose tissue is denser than lean body tissue.
c. Electrical conductivity is greater in lean tissue than in adipose tissue.
d. Fat-free mass is proportional to total body potassium.
When the terminal phosphate group of ATP is removed by hydrolysis, forming ADP and
inorganic phosphate, the type of reaction that occurs is _____.
a. endothermic
b. exothermic
c. standard
d. free
One trigger of apoptosis is
a. overexpression of Bcl-2.
b. inactivation of Casp-9.
c. swelling of the cell.
d. release of mitochondrial cytochrome c.
Obesity has grown rapidly in the last 30 years and is associated with increased risk for
which of the following disorders?
a. stunting, wasting
b. stroke, sleep apnea
c. osteoporosis, osteopenia
d. hepatitis, tuberculosis
True/False
Under fasting conditions, one would expect to find large amounts of free ammonia in
the bloodstream due to the breakdown of amino acids for energy.
Which cells lack a metabolic mechanism to convert glucose into energy stores?
a. skeletal muscle
b. liver
c. adipose tissue
d. central nervous system
Which enzyme will act on corn oil in the small intestine?
a. pancreatic lipase
b. lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase
c. cholesterol esterase
d. lipoprotein lipase
Vitamin C acts as a cofactor by maintaining iron in a reduced state in:
a. collagen synthesis.
b. methylation of homocysteine.
c. release of energy from nutrients.
d. red blood cell synthesis.
The organelle that detoxifies by oxidizing molecules such as hydrogen peroxide and
ethanol is the _____.
a. peroxisome
b. endosome
c. lysosome
d. ribosome
If psychological stress increases the output of norepinephrine from the sympathetic
nervous system and epinephrine from the adrenal gland, predict the ways in which
digestion may be affected.
The active form of vitamin A that regulates cell differentiation through gene expression
is _____.
Discuss the concept of coupled reactions in the transfer of energy.
Neural and hormonal events affect the activities of the GI tract. These can be classified
as stimulatory or inhibitory. For questions 56-62, choose “a” if the action described is
stimulatory and “b” if it is inhibitory.Leptin secretion on desire to eat
For each vitamin listed below, indicate: (1) the active form of the vitamin, (2) the
general function for the vitamin, and (3) an example of the general function (this could
be a specific reaction or simply indicate a pathway/ process where it occurs). An
example is provided; as you can see, your answers do not need to be long!
Vitamins: Biotin, pantothenate, riboflavin, vitamin B6, thiamin, vitamin C, folate
Example: Niacin
(1) NAD(H) or NADP(H)
(2) Oxidation-reduction reactions
(3) TCA Cycle reaction or”.
The carrier molecule required for the transport of long-chain fatty acids for fat
oxidation is _____, which is located in the _____ membrane.
Why is cholesterol important in plasma membrane function?
Describe 3 methods of assessing body composition and give the pros and cons of each
method.
Owing to the alkaline pH of bile, the conjugated bile acids combine with _____, _____,
or _____ to form bile salts.
Explain the influences of zinc on carbohydrate metabolism, BMR, and taste.
Explain how endurance training increases an athlete’s ability to perform more
aerobically.
Indicate whether the statements is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it
is false.
Recent evidence strongly suggests that bone density and lean body mass are not
significantly affected by heredity.
Compounds affecting clotting through anti-aggregation and aggregation are formed
from the 20:5 n-3 fatty acid and 20:4 n-6 fatty acid. These compounds are _____ and
_____, respectively, and their effect on _____ is to inhibit or activate them,
respectively.
When serum Ca is low, the synthesis of the hormone _____ is stimulated in the kidney
to restore serum Ca to normal.
Why are vitamins A and E said to be antagonists of vitamin K?
Discuss the effects of lifestyle modifications on metabolic syndrome.
Uncouplers are molecules that allow protons to leak back into the mitochondrial matrix
so that the proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix of the
mitochondria is insufficient to produce ATP. Explain how 2,4-dinitrophenol, a
poisonous uncoupler, causes elevated body temperature.