Complete the following paragraph with the choices given.
Vitamin A functions in the visual cycle. This mechanism involves a vitamin A molecule
called A , combining with B to form C . When photon energy strikes this molecule, it
splits and causes a conformational change in the molecule, causing an electrical signal
to be sent to the brain.
Blank A
a. rhodopsin
b. 11-cis retinal
c. all-trans retinal
d. retinol
e. opsin
f. retinoic acid
Blank B
a. rhodopsin
b. 11-cis retinal
c. all-trans retinal
d. retinol
e. opsin
f. retinoic acid
Blank C
a. rhodopsin
b. 11-cis retinal
c. all-trans retinal
d. retinol
e. opsin
f. retinoic acid
The chief cells secrete _____.
a. gastrin
b. mucus
c. zymogens
d. hydrochloric acid
Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells?
a. riboflavin
b. vitamin K
c. vitamin E
d. vitamin A
The main benefits of prebiotics relate to their capacity to promote the _____ of bacteria
and production of _____.
a. growth; amino acids
b. growth; fatty acids
c. death; amino acids
d. death; fatty acids
When fatty acids are completely oxidized the end products are:
a. fatty acid and glycerol.
b. carbon dioxide, energy, and water.
c. urea and acetate.
d. carbon, hydrogen, and phosphate.
Waist circumferences of >40 inches in men and >35 inches in women may be used to
identify increased _____.
a. risk for the development of obesity-associated conditions
b. subcutaneous fat
c. peripheral fat distribution
d. age
Mr. Q., age 62, is 5″10″ tall, weighs 150 pounds, and leads a sedentary life. The
Harris-Benedict equation for men is 66.5 + (13.7 x W) + (5.0 x H) ” (6.8 x A). Using
the Harris-Benedict equation, calculate Mr. Q’s RMR.
a. RMR = 1468 kcal/day
b. RMR = 1614 kcal/day
c. RMR = 1790 kcal/day
d. RMR = 2311 kcal/day
Secretin is released from the enteroendocrine S-cell in the _____.
a. proximal small intestine
b. gastric mucosa
c. esophagus
d. colon
Which amino acid produced by transamination of pyruvate with glutamic acid provides
a disposal route for nitrogen produced from the catabolism of muscle amino acids?
a. histidine
b. tyrosine
c. tryptophan
d. alanine
Diagnostic enzymology focuses on
a. enzymes that are widely distributed among many tissues.
b. intracellular enzymes that express their activity in the blood abnormally due to a
disease process.
c. secreted enzymes such as clotting proteins in blood.
d. nuclear enzymes.
Which amino acids are metabolized mostly in skeletal muscles?
a. those with side chains containing aromatic rings
b. those with side chains that are branched
c. those with side chains containing basic groups
d. those with side chains containing sulfur atoms
Which of the following molecules synthesized with the help of vitamin C underscores
the importance of vitamin C to fat metabolism?
a. carnitine
b. collagen
c. tyrosine
d. norepinephrine
Encoded within the nuclear DNA of each cell is
a. the entire genome for that organism.
b. the genes coding for proteins needed by that particular cell in the organism.
c. chromatin.
d. a cell-specific histone.
Free radicals take electrons from all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. calcitriol
b. DNA
c. proteins
d. PUFAs
Where would you find retinoid X receptors (RXR)?
a. cytosol
b. nucleus
c. mitochondria
d. none of the above
A high Km means _____ affinity and is stated in units of _____.
a. low; concentration (e.g., M; mM; μM)
b. high; rate (e.g., molecules/sec; moles/min)
c. high; time (e.g., hours; min; sec)
d. low; does not have any units
Folic acid fortification has _____.
a. not caused the decrease in NTDs that was expected
b. had no effect on the number of NTDs in this country
c. caused a greater decrease in NTDs than was expected
d. reduced the number of various NTDs by 11% to 50% in different studies
Most of the digestive enzymes produced by the intestinal enterocytes function
a. in the stomach.
b. in the intestinal lumen.
c. at the brush border.
d. within the cytoplasm of the enterocytes.
In humans, signs of nickel _____ include nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing.
a. toxicity
b. deficiency
c. subclinical deficiency
d. carcinogenesis
What dietary fatty acid family exerts anti-thrombotic properties?
a. n-6
b. n-3
c. n-9
e. saturated
The typical bulimic _____.
a. is overly concerned with losing weight and being very thin.
b. seeks to eat without gaining weight.
c. is usually diagnosed with the female athlete triad.
d. characteristically experiences premature osteoporosis.
What is the preferred source of energy used by muscles to spare protein during
prolonged starvation?
a. ketones
b. glucose
c. fatty acids
d. amino acids
In which organ does urea synthesis occur?
a. kidney
b. spleen
c. liver
d. pancreas
A protein-sparing shift in metabolism from gluconeogenesis to lipolysis occurs during
the
a. early fasting state.
b. fasting state.
c. starvation state.
d. fed state.
Which fiber component is provided primarily by the outer layers of cereal grains?
a. lignin
b. pectin
c. fructans
d. cellulose
Since the standard atomic weight of sodium is 22.99, the salt intake of an individual
whose dietary sodium intake is 174 mmoles per day is:
a. 10 g.
b. 6000 mg.
c. 3 g.
During exercise, which of the following contributes only minimally to the amount of
ATP used by working muscles?
a. muscle glycogen
b. blood glucose
c. plasma fatty acids
d. oxidation of amino acids
The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy because
a. it lacks enzymes for oxidation of fats.
b. it lacks mitochondria.
c. glycerol cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
d. fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
Reverse cholesterol transport that removes cholesterol from peripheral cells and returns
it to the liver is carried out by _____.
a. LDL
b. HDL
c. VLDL
d. lipoprotein lipase
The key to the cell’s internalization of LDL is the interaction between the receptors and
_____.
a. cholesterol acyltransferase
b. HMG-CoA reductase
c. apolipoprotein B-100
d. apolipoprotein C-100
One method to assess nutrient status is to measure the activity of an enzyme that
requires the vitamin as a cofactor. Explain how this worksfirst in a conceptual way, and
then specifically using an example. Your specific example choices are thiamin,
riboflavin, or folate (pick one). Do you think this is a good assessment method? Why or
why not?
Bile acids are conjugated with amino acids, _____ and _____, to make them more
useful in forming micelles.
The 2 forms of naturally occurring provitamin D are: _____ and _____.
Explain the process by which rhodopsin is formed.
Compare and contrast the body’s adaptive response to starvation with the body’s
response to sepsis.
Describe the mechanism by which boron is thought to inhibit inflammation.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
During very prolonged starvation nearing death, the body shifts from using protein for
energy to using fat stores.
Briefly describe why glutamine is directed more toward the kidneys than the liver
during starvation.
ADP can positively modulate the activity of the rate-limiting allosteric enzyme in
glycolysis, _____.
Discuss the sequence of events of the maintenance of fluid homeostasis by the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
What are probiotics and prebiotics? Give examples of each.
How does the restricting type of anorexia nervosa differ from the binge-eating/ purging
type?
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
All of the functions of vitamin A are carried out by retinoic acid via transcriptional
mechanisms.
Discuss the role of calcium in control of blood pressure.
Microcytic hypochromic anemia may result from a deficiency of the vitamin _____
because its coenzyme is involved in the synthesis of _____.
Following a meal containing carbohydrates, glucose enters the bloodstream and
increases the circulating blood glucose concentration. Describe the changes in the levels
of hormonal regulators (insulin, glucagon, and cortisol) in response to this high glucose
concentration and their major functions in lowering glucose levels in the bloodstream
back to normal.
Suggest a hypothesis as to why boiled red potato while hot has a glycemic index of 89
and the same cooked potato when cold has a lower glycemic index of 56.
Explain the role of the MEOS and cytochrome P-450 in developing metabolic tolerance
to ethanol.