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The discipline of nutritional genomics studies _____.
a. the interactions among genes and bioactive components in food that change gene
expression without changing the DNA nucleotide sequence (nutritional epigenetics)
b. inborn changes in DNA nucleotide sequences or gene variants (nutrigenetics)
c. genetic alterations that can be compensated for by increasing or decreasing specific
nutrients (nutrigenomics)
d. all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a typical gastrointestinal response to ingestion of
dietary fiber?
a. increased glucose absorption
b. delayed gastric emptying
c. increased bile-acid excretion
d. increased fecal bulk
Phosphorylation of ADP is an example of _____.
a. an exothermic reaction
b. an endothermic reaction
c. an energy-releasing reaction
d. a downhill reaction
Which of the mechanisms responsible for absorption of nutrients into the epithelial cell
of the villus requires energy?
a. diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
d. pinocytosis
Which hormone has the primary responsibility for directing energy metabolism in the
fed state?
a. growth hormone
b. ACTH
c. glucagon
d. insulin
What percentage of urea produced in the body is converted to ammonia by bacteria in
the colon and reabsorbed?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 100%
People with type 1 diabetes have
a. slow translocation of GLUT4 receptors from the Golgi body.
b. lack of mRNA synthesis for GLUT4 receptors in adipocytes or myocytes.
c. increased glycogenesis in myocytes after a meal.
d. below-normal glucokinase activity because of low insulin levels.
Dietary intake of which mineral correlates positively with blood pressure?
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. sodium
A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme
(MTHFR) _____.
a. prevents the individual from activating the B vitamin folate
b. diminishes the activity of the enzyme
c. increases the activity of the enzyme
d. both a and b
PLP functions as a coenzyme for _____ when alanine enters the liver. Alanine becomes
its α-keto acid, _____.
a. transamination, pyruvic acid
b. transamination, α-ketoglutaric acid
c. transmethylation, histidine
d. desulfation, methioninie
Translation is the process by which
a. the genetic information (base sequence) in a single strand of DNA is used to specify a
complementary sequence of bases in an mRNA chain.
b. a daughter duplex DNA molecule that is identical to the parental duplex DNA is
synthesized.
c. the polypeptide chain of the protein product is extended.
d. genetic information in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids in
the protein product.
Pectins are part of the cell wall and middle lamella and are _____.
a. water soluble
b. gel forming
c. stable at acidic pHs
d. all of the above
Ketones are produced from:
a. cholesterol.
b. hormones.
c. amino groups.
d. acetyl-CoA.
The pancreas is a digestive system accessory organ with two types of active tissue, the
ductless endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the
a. liver-like cells that produce bile.
b. ductless absorptive tissue that controls bicarbonate.
c. acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes.
d. erythropoietic cells that produce red blood cells.
The process by which bile salts are absorbed in the ileum and return to the liver is
called _____ of the bile salts.
a. micelle induction
b. resecretion
c. conjugation
d. enterohepatic circulation
Bluish skin and nails that result from ingestion of silver over a period of time are called
_____.
a. ichthyosis
b. argyria
c. progeria
d. urticaria
Which of the following is NOT a form of resistant starch?
a. natural starch in cell walls of steel-cut oats
b natural starch in hot corn starch pudding
c. starch crystals in cooled, cooked foods, such as potatoes
d. chemically modified starch, such as cross-bonded starch
Elevated homocysteine levels can be due to all the following EXCEPT:
a. low ascorbic acid.
b. low folacin.
c. low cobalamin.
d. low pyridoxine.
Which of the following methods of estimating energy expenditure does NOT require
knowledge of the individual's age?
a. doubly labeled water method
b. Harris-Benedict prediction equation
c. Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
d. estimated energy requirement equation
How does orlistat reduce absorption of dietary fat?
a. by replacing dietary fat with a synthetic, indigestible substitute
b. by inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase
c. by binding free fatty acids and causing their excretion
d. by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase
All of the following are substrates for gluconeogenesis EXCEPT
a. fatty acids.
b. lactate.
c. glycerol.
d. glucogenic amino acids.
When the diet is adequate in protein, the body can synthesize niacin from which amino
acid?
a. phenylalanine
b. valine
c. tyrosine
d. tryptophan
Which amino acid is considered purely ketogenic?
a. methionine
b. histidine
c. tryptophan
d. leucine
Which trace mineral is important for activating a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis?
a. iron
b. copper
c. iodine
d. manganese
Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the _____.
a. duodenum
b. jejunum
c. ileum
d. colon
Which non-metal nutrient deficiency is associated with Keshan disease, characterized
by cardiomyopathy?
a. iodine
b. zinc
c. selenium
d. molybdenum
Folate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer because of its
essential role in the synthesis of _____.
a. lipid bilayers
b. mitochondria
c. lysosomes and peroxisomes
d. purines and pyrimidines
Which vitamin has as its primary function the maintenance of calcium homeostasis?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
Which of the following actions of insulin occurs only after hours or days?
a. membrane changes for glucose transport
b. inhibition of activity of catabolic enzymes
c. repression of synthesis of catabolic enzymes
d. promotion of cell replication
Match the nutrient listed to the phrase or word given. Nutrient choices may be used
more than once.
Associated Phrase
1) hypochromic, microcytic anemia
2) serine hydroxymethyltransferase
3) edema and cardiac insufficiency
4) hemoglobin synthesis
5) prolyl hydroxylase
6) Latin word means "leaf"; Italian word means "foliage"
7) PLP is coenzyme form
8) potatoes and broccoli are good sources
9) coenzyme carries one-carbon groups in metabolism
10) pernicious anemia is a lack of absorption of this
11) gulonolactone oxidase
12) coenzyme labilizes covalent bonds around the alpha-carbon of an amino acid
13) UL = 2000 mg/d
14) a water-soluble vitamin that is not a coenzyme
15) a vitamin whose supplement form has MORE biologic action than the form found
in nature
Nutrient
a. vitamin B12
b. vitamin B6
c. folate or folic acid
d. vitamin C
e. none of these
True/False
HMG-CoA reductase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA.
A consequence of thiamin deficiency is:
a. pellagra.
b. megaloblastic anemia.
c. beriberi.
d. rickets.
Conjugation of bile acids with glycine and taurine improves their ability to
a. ionize and form micelles.
b. undergo enterohepatic recirculation.
c. be excreted in the feces, thus keeping serum cholesterol normal.
d. promote the formation of bile salts.
What is the basis for replacing some of the NaCl in the diet with KCl, and how does it
work?
Explain the relationship between dietary sodium intake and essential hypertension.
Describe fat metabolism in the adipose cell following a meal.
Transamination and Deamination. What are these two reactions in amino acid
metabolism (draw a diagram if that is helpful)? Why are they important?
(Hinttransamination is important for two reasons; deamination, essentially one.) How
do different tissues factor into these reactions?
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
A good source of vitamin D is milk, because it is fortified with 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3.
Membrane fluidity and permeability are regulated and controlled by the fat-soluble
compound _____.
_____ requirements are increased during refeeding after starvation to replace that lost
from cells and support synthesis of lean body mass. If a person does not receive
enough, they may develop _____.
Although for micronutrients increasing the amount of a protein by directly inducing
gene expression is certainly a common mechanism, we have encountered other
mechanisms by which vitamins can regulate proteins. Provide one example of
posttranslational modification, being as specific as possible.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid may be an indication of niacin deficiency.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
As cofactors for proteins, minerals only serve a catalytic role.
Describe the symport mechanism involving glucose and the NA+/K+-ATPase pump.
Discuss the process by which superoxide dismutase (SOD), found in both the cytosol
and the mitochondria, interacts with microminerals to prevent cell damage.
Discuss the chemiosmotic theory of the mechanism by which the energy from electron
transport is used to synthesize ATP.
True/False
Bile is the GI enzyme that hydrolyzes dietary triacylglycerol into free fatty acids and
glycerol.
Total body water increases steadily from birth to 12 months of age, when it begins to
decrease at a similar rate in all adults.
