Which antioxidant is most effective in rapidly eliminating hydroxyl radicals prior to
initiation of oxidative damage?
a. vitamin E
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin K
d. beta-carotene
The thermic effect of food represents _____.
a. the BMR minus the energy used in physical activity
b. the decrease in food energy due to cooking
c. the increase in energy expenditure associated with the body’s processing of food
d. the body’s storage of food as fat for insulation
Which of the following nitrogenous bases is unique to RNA?
a. guanine
b. uracil
c. thymine
d. cytosine
The lack of which muscle enzyme causes glucose, when phosphorylated in the muscle,
to be trapped?
a. glucose-6-phosphatase
b. glycerol-3-phosphatase
c. 6-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
d. glucokinase
How will retinol, once secreted from the liver, be found in the blood?
a. attached to RBP and transthyretin
b. attached to albumin
c. attached to a chylomicron
d. attached to RBP and stellate cells
Which is NOT a component of saliva?
a. mucus
b. enzymes
c. water
d. proteases
How does alpha-tocopherol differ from beta-tocopherol?
a. saturation of side chain
b. location of methyl groups
c. source in the diet
Common food sources of fructans are _____.
a. strawberries, apples, and citrus fruits
b. whole grains
c. chicory, onions, and Jerusalem artichokes
d. legumes
Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D.
The first hydroxylation occurs in the _____ to produce _____.
a. liver, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
b. kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
c. skin, 7-dehydrocholesterol
d. kidney, 1-hydrocholesterol
What is the criteria for a genetic difference to be called a “polymorphism”?
a. It has to be lethal within 6 months of life.
b. It causes a miscarriage 50% of the time.
c. More men than women have the genetic difference.
d. More than 1% of the population has the variation.
Which vitamin is said to be essential for growth and immune system function?
a. K
b. A
c. D
d. E
What is the carrier for medium-chain fatty acids in portal circulation?
a. triacylglycerides
b. cholesterol
c. chylomicrons
d. albumin
Toxicity of which element results in green tongue, diarrhea, and GI cramps?
a. vanadium
b. silicon
c. arsenic
d. boron
The following vitamins/ minerals are required for heme synthesis:
a. vitamin E, vitamin C, and iron.
b. folate, B12, and iron.
c. B6, zinc, and iron.
d. copper, zinc, and folate.
Which Krebs cycle intermediate can move from the mitochondria into the cytoplast to
become the initiator of fatty acid synthesis?
a. alpha-ketoglutarate
b. citrate
c. succinyl-CoA
d. fumarate
Body mass index (BMI) is one way to estimate
a. appropriate weight for height.
b. actual body adiposity.
c. body fat distribution.
d. risk factors associated with obesity.
The major end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrate include:
a. carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
b. water, carbon dioxide, and energy.
c. glucose and amino acids.
d. dietary fiber and ammonia.
Fiber lowers serum cholesterol concentrations by all of the following mechanisms
EXCEPT _____.
a. decreased transit time
b. increased excretion of bile acids in the feces
c. a shift of bile acid pools toward chenodeoxycholic acid, which inhibits HMG-CoA
reductase
d. production of propionic acid from gut fermentation of fiber
Which level of organization determines the final form of a protein molecule consisting
of several polypeptide chains?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
All of the following enzymes are negatively regulated (allosterically inhibited) by
increasing levels of ATP EXCEPT _____.
a. phosphofructokinase
b. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
c. hexokinase
d. citrate synthase
Match the enzymes with the pathway in which they function in carbohydrate
metabolism.
Enzyme
1) Phosphofructokinase
2) Pyruvate carboxylase
3) Glycogen phosphorylase
4) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
5) Branching enzyme
Pathway
a. glycogenesis
b. glycolysis
c. gluconeogenesis
d. glycogenolysis
e. pentose phosphate pathway
The majority of vitamin A is stored in the liver, while carotenoids are stored mainly in
the _____ tissue.
a. muscle
b. eye
c. adipose
d. skin
What is the major filtration force in the capillaries that is responsible for controlling
movement of water from plasma to interstitial fluid and from interstitial fluid into
plasma?
a. colloid osmotic pressure
b. theoretic osmotic pressure
c. hydrostatic pressure
d. effective osmotic pressure
Which of the following high-fiber foods are most effective in lowering serum
cholesterol?
a. corn and wheat
b. chitosan and chitin
c. rice bran and wheat bran
d. oat bran and legumes
Pancreatic juice that enters the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi contains all of
the following EXCEPT _____.
a. digestive enzymes
b. intrinsic factor
c. anions such as bicarbonate and chloride
d. cations such as sodium, potassium, and calcium
If an exothemic reaction releases -3,300 cal/mol of energy, how much energy is
required for the reaction to be reversed?
a. +3,300
b. -3,300
c. +6,600
d. -6,600
Hydrostatic or underwater weighing, a method used to determine body composition, is
based on which principle?
a. Lean body tissue is denser than adipose tissue.
b. Adipose tissue is denser than lean body tissue.
c. Adipose tissue is composed mostly of water.
d. Body fluids are not being weighed using this method.
Nutrient-drug interactions caused by diuretics used to treat high blood pressure are most
likely to result in
a. poor absorption of vitamins.
b. poor absorption of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
c. enhanced metabolism of the drug rendering it less effective when taken on an empty
stomach.
d. enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.
Explain the regulation of the allosteric enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase by citrate and
palmitoyl-CoA.
Which element impairs iodine uptake, causing compensatory goiter in mice?
a. boron
b. cobalt
c. nickel
d. arsenic
Which volatile short-chain fatty acid is believed to lower serum cholesterol by acting as
an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis?
a. acetic
b. butyric
c. propionic
d. palmitic
Enzymes of metabolic pathways that are associated with the cytoplasmic matrix so that
the product of one enzyme is released in close proximity to the next enzyme for which
it is a substrate to facilitate velocity of the overall pathway include enzymes of _____.
a. beta-oxidation
b. glycolysis
c. ketone production
d. the Krebs cycle
Which tocopherol form provides the most vitamin E activity in the U.S. food supply?
a. alpha
b. beta
c. gamma
d. delta
In the complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose, how many ATPs are formed?
a. 4-6
b. 8-12
c. 18-24
d. 32-38