When the plasma concentration of H ions exceeds the normal range the condition is
called:
a. alkalosis.
b. acidosis.
Pepcid, a drug that is classified as a H2 receptor antagonist, acts by _____.
a. inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions by the parietal cells
b. inhibiting the release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve
c. inhibiting the binding of gastrin to the parietal cells
d. inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells
Toxicity of which vitamin is related to increased deposition of calcium in soft tissues?
a. lipoic acid
b. biotin
c. D
d. E
Which is the strongest antioxidant?
a. beta-carotene
b. alpha-tocopherol
c. beta-cryptoxanthin
d. lycopene
Choose the ONE correct statement.
a. Beta-carotene is hydrolyzed in the jejunum before it is absorbed.
b. Retinol does not need to form a micelle to cross the USW.
c. Beta-carotene dioxygenase activity occurs in the lumen of the ileum.
d. Retinol must be re-esterified to be carried in the chylomicron.
For which vitamin is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level set because of increased
tendency for bleeding?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
What is the most common lipid characterized by a four-ring core structure found in
animals?
a. prostaglandins
b. leukotrienes
c. cholesterol
d. glycolipids
Which hormone is responsible for decreasing sodium absorption in the colon?
a. glucocorticoids
b. mineralcorticoids
c. vasopressin
d. glucagon
Which of the following would NOT be a Red Flag of Junk Science?
a. dire warnings of danger from a single product or regimen
b. lists of “good” and “bad” foods
c. recommendations from studies that ignore individual or group differences
d. recommendations based on peer-reviewed studies
What are the major dietary energy sources that are composed of two simple sugars?
a. disaccharides
b. polysaccharides
c. monosaccharides
d. trioses
The carbohydrate moieties of the plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are
oriented _____.
a. outwardly, away from the cytoplasmic matrix
b. inwardly, toward the lumen
c. equally inwardly and outwardly to maintain symmetry
d. between the bilayers of the membranes
If you were deficient in vitamins B6 and B12 and had high blood levels of
homocysteine, what dietary substance could remove some of the homocysteine by
donating a methyl group to form methionine?
a. biotin
b. betaine
c. serine
d. creatine
What cells found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach secrete pepsinogens?
a. neck cells
b. parietal cells
c. chief cells
d. enteroendocrine cells
A major function of B vitamins is to serve as:
a. antibodies.
b. a source of energy.
c. a part of a coenzyme.
d. electrolytes.
Which of the following digestive fluids is the most alkaline?
a. bile
b. pancreatic juice
c. saliva
d. gastric juice
Choose the correct statement about the quenching of singlet oxygen by carotenoids.
a. Carotenoids donate an electron to the singlet oxygen to make it stable.
b. Carotenoids covalently bond with the singlet oxygen to make it stable.
c. Carotenoids donate energy so that the excited electron returns to its orbital.
d. Carotenoids absorb the extra energy that is held by the singlet oxygen.
Selenium and iodine interact antagonistically with _____.
a. arsenic
b. vanadium
c. boron
d. silicon
Which mineral is critical for oxidizing iron to be bound by transferrin for delivery to the
tissues from the gut and liver?
a. zinc
b. manganese
c. copper
d. chromium
Which vitamin is most involved in amino acid metabolism?
a. biotin
b. vitamin E
c. vitamin A
d. vitamin B6
A homopolysaccharide that is important in human diets is _____ and the end product
formed from the complete digestion of this homopolysaccharide is _____.
a. cellulose; glucose
b. lactose; galactose
c. glycogen; glucose
d. starch; glucose
For what ultratrace element that is well known for its toxicity, yet is now deemed
essential in small quantities, have no human dietary requirement and no Tolerable
Upper Intake Level been established?
a. arsenic
b. cobalt
c. boron
d. vanadium
The net energy transformation when nutrients are systematically oxidized to carbon
dioxide and water is _____.
a. reversible
b. catalytic
c. endothermic
d. exothermic
What lifestyle change would be most important to individuals with a common variant in
the GST gene that impairs protections against toxins?
a. increasing levels of daily exercise
b. eating a low-fat diet
c. increasing ingestion of cruciferous vegetables
d. increasing intake of omega-3 fats
Which antioxidant is most effective in terminating chain-propagation reactions in cell
membranes?
a. vitamin E
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin K
d. beta-carotene
Without enough vitamin C, collagen would _____.
a. be too tightly coiled
b. be over-hydroxylated
c. be under-hydroxylated
d. too strong and less flexible
Training enhances utilization of fat as the primary energy substrate during submaximal
exercise due to
a. enhanced activity of glycolytic enzymes.
b. enhanced activity of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes.
c. enhanced glucose uptake.
d. decreased carnitine acyltransferase.
Vitamin C’s actual participation in biochemical reactions usually involves its
antioxidant ability. Choose the description of this activity.
a. Donates an electron or electrons to oxidize a mineral cofactor
b. Accepts an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor
c. Donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor
d. Accepts an electron from the quinone form of vitamin E
The majority of energy in the typical American diet comes from:
a. fat.
b. protein.
c. carbohydrate.
d. vitamins.
Ketogenesis would be the HIGHEST:
a. after a high-CHO meal.
b. after a high-protein meal.
c. after a high-fat meal.
d. during prolonged starvation.
Nutrient-drug interactions caused by drugs such as statins used to treat cardiovascular
disease are most likely to result in
a. poor absorption of vitamins.
b. poor metabolism of the drug when taken with grapefruit.
c. enhanced metabolism of the drug rendering it less effective when taken on an empty
stomach.
d. enhanced excretion of potassium and other electrolytes.
Imagine you are a nutritionist working in a country other than the U.S. Which is an
assumption about vitamin D status that is NOT true?
a. The latitude makes a difference as regards how much vitamin D can be
self-synthesized.
b. Customs of dress make a difference as regards how much vitamin D can be
self-synthesized.
c. Cow’s milk is a reliable source of vitamin D in the food supply.
d. Skin color makes a difference as regards how much sun is needed to synthesize
vitamin D.
What form of vitamin D is the major circulating form with a half-life of approximately
3 weeks?
a. calcidiol
b. calcitriol
c. cholecalciferol
d. vitamin D2
Induction of a protein (i.e., increasing the amount of a protein) via increasing gene
expression can be accomplished by:
a. vitamin A.
b. folate.
c. vitamin C.
d. more than one of these vitamins