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Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
The Cori cycle would be active under anaerobic conditions, such as excessive muscle
exertion.
True/False
Fatty acids are converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis and used for energy during
starvation.
True/False
The lipid bilayer determines the function of the plasma membrane while the proteins
are primarily responsible for the structure of the membrane.
True/False
Ketogenesis is the synthesis of ketone bodies from fatty acids for energy under
conditions of excess glucose, such as in the fed state.
Adequate synthesis and secretion of bile are important in the digestion and absorption
of amino acids.
True/False
Urea synthesis only occurs in the liver and kidneys.
True/False
For a transport protein that spans a cell membrane, one would expect to find
hydrophobic amino acids clustered together within the membrane.
True/False
The abundance of GLUT4 is increased by induction in response to a high-CHO meal.
True/False
Most cellular reactions are irreversible since the same enzyme that catalyzes the
conversion cannot catalyze the reverse reaction.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Production of active vitamin D requires skin, sunlight, cholesterol, the liver, and the
kidneys.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that ultimately results in the excessive
accumulation of iron in certain tissues.
True/False
Phosphorylation of a protein always results in its inactivation, whereas
dephosphorylation activates it.
True/False
The conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to arachidonic acid (20:4) involves the addition
of 2 carbons to the methyl end and 2 double bonds at the n-3 and n-6 positions of the
omega end.
True/False
The plasma membrane is a sheet-like structure composed solely of lipids.
True/False
Polysomes function to transcribe mRNA into proteins.
True/False
The signal for glycogenolysis to occur in liver and muscle is glucagon, which is
secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Many anticoagulants inhibit the vitamin K cycle, thereby preventing activation of
clotting proteins.
True/False
If two enzymes (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase) compete for
the same substrate (pyruvate), the one with the higher Km has less affinity and will be
more active when pyruvate concentrations are high.
True/False
The reason different cells express different proteins is because they contain different
sequences of DNA in the nucleus.
True/False
A variety of transporters exist on cell membranes to handle all of the different types of
amino acids.
True/False
Peripheral proteins are involved in cell-cell recognition, whereas integral proteins
function primarily as receptors/ transporters.
True/False
The liver is the site for transamination of all amino acids.
Indicate whether the statements is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it
is false.
Five sites commonly used for measuring skin fold thickness are the triceps, subscapula,
suprailiac, abdomen, and thigh.
True/False
One of the primary functions of a phospholipid is possible because of its structure,
which allows it to be both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
Intrinsic factor is required for the majority of absorption of which vitamin?
a. C
b. B6
c. B12
d. B2
Choose the best description of the main method of glucose absorption.
a. passive diffusion down a concentration gradient
b. active transport with fructose
c. facilitated transport
d. active transport with sodium
Molecules called adipokines are secreted by _____ and they act to _____.
a. hepatocytes; promote gluconeogenesis
b. immune system cells; lower basal metabolic rate
c. white adipose tissue; promote inflammation
d. immune system cells; inhibit inflammation
What organ serves as the primary site of amino acid metabolism?
a. kidney
b. muscles
c. liver
d. neuropeptides
A clinically useful parameter in establishing metabolic disorders that can alter
electrolyte balance is:
a. blood urea nitrogen.
b. creatinine.
c. homeostatic ion regulation.
d. anion gap.
What ultratrace element is normally consumed at <100 g/d, mainly from nuts, legumes,
grains, and chocolate, and has been assigned a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1 mg/d?
a. nickel
b. silicon
c. cobalt
d. boron
Which of the following techniques for measuring body composition makes use of small
exposures to radiation?
a. MRI
b. DEXA
c. TOBEC
d. BIA
How do we know that folate fortification has improved the biochemical folate status of
Americans?
a. more folate is being consumed
b. Americans are more aware of folate's importance
c. there is a decline in NTDs
d. RBC folate levels have increased
Acid-base balance refers to
a. the ratio of acidic and basic foods consumed each day.
b. the concentration of the bicarbonate ion in the red blood cells.
c. the control of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.
d. homeostasis.
Which of the following reflects long-term folate status?
a. serum folate
b. red blood cell folate
c. homocysteine concentration in blood
d. serum methylmalonic acid
When the pH of the stomach is increased to avoid GERD, over time the stomach may
not be acidic enough. Which of the following might occur?
a. lack of carbohydrate digestion
b. decreased protein digestion
c. destruction of bacterial in the stomach
d. gastric ulcer
Because vitamin B6 is involved in heme synthesis, a deficiency symptom is
a. hypochromic, microcytic anemia.
b. seizures.
c. hyperhomocysteinemia.
d. impaired calcium metabolism.
Cholesterol serves as a precursor for all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a. phospholipids
b. estrogens and androgens
c. bile acids
d. vitamin D
Most animals synthesize their own ascorbic acid from _____.
a. glucose
b. glutamine
c. glycogen
d. alanine
Which of the following is the predominant monosaccharide produced by the digestion
of all dietary carbohydrates?
a. ribose
b. fructose
c. galactose
d. glucose
In the fasted state, you would find:
a. dephosphorylated glycogen synthase.
b. an increase in the amount of hexokinase.
c. allosteric inhibition of phosphofructokinase by NAD.
d. induction of pyruvate carboxylase.
e. more than one of the above
After three days of starvation, what proportion of the energy needs of the brain is
supplied by ketones?
a. one-eighth
b. one-fourth
c. one-third
d. one-half
Which micromineral plays a contributing role in the formation of hydroxyapatite
crystals that are more resistant to acid erosion?
a. arsenic
b. selenium
c. fluoride
d. nickel
Human toxicity has been shown as blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular condition, in
individuals drinking water contaminated with _____.
a. boron
b. arsenic
c. silicon
d. vanadium
Dosages of ~2.5 to 10-15 g/day of prebiotics taken for at least _____ are required to
increase the intestinal flora population.
a. 3 months
b. 1 month
c. 2 weeks
d. 1 week
Which micromineral deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism by reducing
retinol-binding protein?
a. manganese
b. zinc
c. selenium
d. iron
Which of the following enzymes has diagnostic value for disease?
a. isocitrate dehydrogenase
b. ornithine carbomoyl transferase
c. isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase
d. isozymes of phosphofructokinase
Choose the correct order of enzyme activities in protein digestion.
a. tripeptidases, carboxypeptidasea, pepsin, free amino acids
b. trypsin, pepsin, collagenase, dipeptidases
c. pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidases, dipeptidases
d. trypsinogen, enteropeptisdase, dipeptidase, chymoptrypsin
Match the coenzyme form of a vitamin with an enzyme and significant function.
Coenzyme
1) thiamin diphosphate
2) flavin adenine dinucleotide
3) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
4) biotin
5) pyridoxal phosphate
Enzyme/Function
a. alanine aminotransferase; important in amino acid transaminations for facilitating
protein synthesis
b. pyruvate dehydrogenase; important for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism
c. glutathione reductase; important for red blood cell antioxidant integrity and a
sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture
d. aldehyde dehydrogenase; important for catabolism of vitamin B6 (pyridoxal to
pyridoxic acid)
e. acetyl-CoA carboxylase; important to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to
fatty acid synthesis
Which group of high-fiber foods contains the greatest quantities of hemicellulose?
a. legumes
b. whole-grain cereals and bran
c. fruits
d. vegetables
All of the following are among the seven top-selling herbs in America EXCEPT
a. hawthorn.
b. ginkgo biloba.
c. saw palmetto.
d. ginseng.
Which tissue metabolizes fructose?
a. muscle
b. adipose tissue
c. liver
d. all of these
Choose the correct sequential order for participants in lipid digestion.
a. colipase, pancreatic lipase, bile, micelles
b. bile, colipase, pancreatic lipase, micelles
c. bile, enterokinase, colipase, micelles
d. micelles, bile, pancreatic lipase, colipase
Carbamoyl aspartate can only be used for _____ synthesis.
a. pyrimidine
b. purine
c. urea
d. creatine
Describe the pharmacological effects of vanadium.
What causes the diarrhea associated with pancreatitis?
A fed vs. fasted question - IN GENERAL, describe how opposing pathways are
regulated during fasting vs. fed conditions. What are the primary signals involved?
What would be an example of 2 opposing pathways? How is one pathway favored over
the other (you don"t need to name specific proteins/ enzymes here)?
Dr. Smith has prescribed a high-fiber diet (35-40 g/day) with special emphasis on the
water-insoluble fibers for Mr. Brown. How would this diet protect against colorectal
cancer? Give examples of foods that contain water-insoluble fibers.
What is the normal range for the anion gap? What would an increase or decrease from
the normal range indicate?
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Regulation of translation is not a mechanism for nutrients to induce protein synthesis.
Explain the relationship of folate to vitamin B12 in the various anemias.
True/False
Active transport requires energy for the Na-K pump to transport Na out of the cell,
thereby driving the transport of something else (e.g., glucose) when the Na re-enters the
cell down its concentration gradient.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Water-soluble vitamins are not stored, but readily excretedthe one exception is that we
can store folate in the liver.
One method to assess vitamin status is using a "load test." Explain how this worksfirst
in a conceptual way, and then specifically using one example. Your specific example
can be chosen from either tryptophan or histidine (pick one). Do you think this is a
good assessment method? Why or why not?
Select the best choice to fill in each blank and complete the statements.
A diet rich in simple sugars increases the hepatic formation of de novo fatty acids and
the neutral lipids called (1)_____ from glucose. These neutral lipids are transported
from the liver to the adipose tissues by lipoproteins called (2)_____, whose signal
apolipoprotein is (3)_____.
(1)
a. cholesterol
b. phospholipids
c. triacylglycerols
(2)
a. LDLs
b. VLDLs
c. chylomicrons
(3)
a. B-100
b. B-48
c. A-1
What is RQ and how is it important? Your answer should define RQ and clearly state
how it is used and what it tells someone. Be sure to provide examples of RQ values and
how they are interpreted.
Explain the principles underlying the use of doubly labeled water to assess total energy
expenditure. Include a discussion of the main source of error.
The lipid bilayer determines the _____ of the plasma membrane while the proteins are
primarily responsible for the _____ of the membrane.
Describe the process by which vitamin B12 is digested and absorbed.
Describe the process by which high levels of muscle lactate, produced by oxygen debt
from exercise, are controlled/diminished by gluconeogenic action of the liver.
The digestion and absorption of cobalamin requires pepsin and _____; the presence of 2
nonenzymatic proteins: _____ and _____; and a receptor located in the _____.
