What ultratrace element plays a role in the metabolism of methionine to taurine?
a. boron
b. arsenic
c. vanadium
d. nickel
Which of the volatile short-chain fatty acids is said to have antineoplastic properties
affecting colorectal cancer?
a. acetic
b. propionic
c. butyric
d. capric
What two minerals can cause damage to cells when in their free ion forms?
a. iron and copper
b. zinc and molybdenum
c. iodine and manganese
d. zinc and copper
Substances that bind with allosteric sites and alter the activity of regulatory enzymes are
called _____.
a. transport proteins
b. modulators
c. Na pumps
d. sarcoplasmic reticula
What genetic disorder causes copper toxicity?
a. hemochromatosis
b. Keshan disease
c. Menkes disease
d. Wilson’s disease
5-methyl THF requires the action of which vitamin in order to form THF?
a. B12
b. B2
c. niacin
d. C
The major detrimental effect of a long-term excess of dietary silicon, usually in the
form of antacids, is _____.
a. cancer
b. asthma
c. diabetes
d. kidney stones
Folate and B12 have an important role in hematology (“blood-related” processes) such
that a deficiency of either of these vitamins can result in anemia. Discuss the
interrelationship between these vitamins and why a deficiency of either of them results
in megaloblastic anemia. Your answer will likely need to talk to some extent about the
methyl trap hypothesis. Make sure to relate any metabolic description of folate and B12
to the basis for anemia resulting from a deficiency.
Which is NOT a fate of homocysteine in the cell?
a. methylated to methionine
b. used to restore tetrahydrofolate
c. used to synthesize cysteine
d. used in the synthesis of leucine
The RDA for vitamin D for people over the age of 70 is _____ the RDA for teenagers.
a. greater than
b. less than
c. equal to
Match each clinically useful method or index with the formula for its calculation.
Method or Index
1) BMI
2) IBW
3) Katch and McArdle equation
4) Desirable body weight calculation
5) Harris-Benedict equation
Formula
a. 66.5 + (13.7 x weight in kg) + (5.0 x height in cm) ” (6.8 x age in years)
b. weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters
c. 110 lb + 5 lb/in > 5 ft
d. 0.43 (triceps fold in mm) + 0.58 (subscapular fold in mm) + 1.47
e. lean body weight divided by (1 – % fat desired)
Describe three mechanisms by which the kidneys conserve/excrete potassium or
maintain potassium balance.
Leader sequences attached to the amino end of newly synthesized proteins that remain
within the cell are required for proteins
a. destined for degradation.
b. to move to the appropriate site for proper function.
c. to function within lysosomes and peroxisomes.
d. requiring post-translational activation.
What amount of supplemental folic acid is recommended daily for women of
childbearing age in the United States?
a. 200 ug DFE
b. 400 ug DFE
c. 600 ug DFE
d. 800 ug DFE
In general, in which portion of the gastrointestinal tract does most absorption occur?
a. esophagus
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. colon
Soy is rich in
a. glucosinolates.
b. lignans.
c. organosuphides
d. isoflavones.
Electrons carried by one mole NADH + H+ enter the electron transport chain at
Complex I and generate _____ mole(s) ATP as they are sequentially oxidized.
a. 0.5
b. 1.5
c. 2.5
d. 3.5
Which mineral serves as a cofactor in xanthine oxidase in the metabolism of purines,
pyrimidines, and pteridines?
a. manganese
b. molybdenum
c. copper
d. chromium
An ultratrace element that can inhibit many systems that require phosphate, such as
phosphotransferases, is _____.
a. nickel
b. arsenic
c. vanadium
d. boron
A 25-year-old female college student weighs 137 lb and is 5″6″ tall and has a medium
frame. She is consuming approximately 2500 kcal daily. What are her total energy
needs? (RMR + diet-induced thermogenesis + physical activity = total energy
expenditure.) The Harris-Benedict equation for women is 655.1 + (9.56 x W) + (1.85 x
H) ” (4.7 x A). Use 1.5 for the physical activity factor.
a. 1443
b. 1587
c. 2165
d. 2309
What is the most common digestible homopolysaccharide existing as both amylose and
amylopectin?
a. glycogen
b. cellulose
c. hemicellulose
d. starch
The structure below is a _____.
a. triacylglycerol
b. cholesteryl ester
c. phospholipid
d. glycolipid
Prebiotics are naturally abundant in:
a. cow’s milk yogurt.
b. asparagus.
c. mayonnaise dressings.
d. oatmeal.
Which vitamin may enhance copper reduction?
a. niacin
b. biotin
c. ascorbic acid
d. β-carotene
Use the molecules below to answer.
Which is retinyl palmitate?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Because β-carotene can be converted into retinol, plant sources are referred to as
preformed vitamin A.
Which ultratrace element enters the cell through transport systems for phosphate, with
which it competes?
a. nickel
b. boron
c. vanadium
d. cobalt
Dietary _____ inhibits absorption of silicon.
a. iron
b. lactose
c. fiber
d. alkalinity
Which ultratrace element is a constituent of vitamin B12?
a. arsenic
b. vanadium
c. boron
d. cobalt
The action of vitamin K is the post-translational synthesis of blood clotting factors
occurs:
a. in the blood.
b. in the liver.
c. in the small intestine.
d. in the bone marrow.
Erythrocyte transketolase activity is an assay to assess the status of:
a. thiamin.
b. B6.
c. riboflavin.
d. B12.
The element that appears to be needed for formation and utilization of methyl groups
and formation of S-adenosylmethionine is _____.
a. silicon
b. vanadium
c. arsenic
d. boron
The predominant source of dietary chitin is _____.
a. supplements
b. bran
c. vegetables
d. fruits
What are the hydrocolloids that are secreted at a site of injury on a plant or surround the
endosperm of some seeds and that are used as thickening agents?
a. lignin
b. cellulose
c. pectins
d. gums
The most common tests of thiamin status include all the following EXCEPT:
a. static tests of urinary thiamin metabolites.
b. a static test of serum thiamin.
c. an in vitro functional test of RBC enzyme.
d. in vivo functional tests.
Pernicious anemia is identified by the _____ test, which involves using radioactive
_____.
Why are water-miscible fat-soluble vitamins recommended for individuals with Crohn’s
disease?
Discuss three of the five mechanisms by which probiotics may be helpful in diarrheal
illnesses.
“The Big Picture” ” Metabolic Integration. Metabolic pathways are regulated to
maintain homeostasis in the face of changing environmental conditions, such as nutrient
supply. Describe how this is accomplished during the fed-fast cycle; i.e., the
progression from a fed state, to a postabsorptive/ fasting state, to starvation, to
prolonged starvation. Your answer should include specific processes/ metabolic
pathways that are favored under each conditionmake sure to cover pathways that are
important to all three macronutrients (CHOs, lipids, protein). Also indicate the signal(s)
involved in modulating these pathways. An example is provided in the table.
During fasting conditions, the circulating levels of glutamine and alanine are
elevatedwhy is this? Hint: this question is focused primarily on the muscle, but also
includes other tissues.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
Based on the respiratory quotient calculation, the breakdown of any macronutrient for
energy involves the use of carbon dioxide and the generation of oxygen and water.
Neural and hormonal events affect the activities of the GI tract. These can be classified
as stimulatory or inhibitory. For questions 56-62, choose “a” if the action described is
stimulatory and “b” if it is inhibitory.Eating a meal on ghrelin secretion