Which of the following is NOT true regarding anorexia?
a. Of psychiatric disorders, anorexia has the highest mortality rate.
b. Anorectics simply restrict calories severely and never binge and purge.
c. People with anorexia have a distorted body image and fear weight gain.
d. Anorectics often consume less than 800 kcal per day.
What cells found both in oxyntic glands and pyloric glands of the stomach secrete
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
a. neck cells
b. parietal cells
c. chief cells
d. enteroendocrine cells
Discuss the following measurements of red blood cells, telling what they are and how
they are used in assessment of iron nutriture: hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH,
MCHC.
What is the key enzyme in digestion of polysaccharides?
a. starch amylopectin
b. β-amylase
c. α-dextranase
d. α-amylase
Which amino acid, when oxidized, spares the essential gluconeogenic precursors
pyruvate and lactate?
a. cysteine
b. alanine
c. leucine
d. glutamine
Digestion: From the following list shown in the box, choose the best answer and place
the corresponding letter on the blank for each statement. You can only use an answer
choice (letter) oncesome you won”t use at all.
a. amylose b. saliva c. HCl d. α-1,4-bonds e. cholecystokinin f. α-1,6-bonds g. bile h.
amylase i. pancreas j. lipase k. trypsin l. zymogen m. liver n. gastrin o. stomach p.
amylopectin q. secretin r. pepsinogen
(1)_____ is the regulatory peptide that is responsible for acid release from the (2)_____,
whereas (3)_____ stimulates the gallbladder to release (4)_____.
A protease secreted in the stomach is (5)_____, which is released in its (6)_____ form
that must be activated by the action of (7)_____.
The enzyme (8)_____ can be found in both (9)_____ (a little) and the (10)_____ (the
majority), and is responsible for the digestion of triglycerides.
The enzyme 1(1)_____ is responsible for the digestion of polysaccharides.
In the reference man and woman, respectively, what percentage of body weight is fat?
a. 10, 20
b. 15, 27
c. 30, 40
d. 45, 55
The cell organelle responsible for most of the initiation and regulation of cellular
activity is the _____.
a. cytoplast
b. nucleus
c. mitochondrion
e. nucleolus
Match the fiber with an appropriate description.
Fiber
1) pectin
2) cellulose
3) gum
4) lignin
5) hemicellulose
Description
a. The main noncarbohydrate component of fiber and a three-dimensional polymer of
phenol. Found in carrots, berries, and wheat, and insoluble in water.
b. A hydrocolloid composed of sugar and sugar derivatives commonly used as a food
additive that is secreted from plant injuries or can also be found in oats, barley, and
legumes.
c. A long linear polymer that provides structure to the cell wall. Found in bran, legumes,
root vegetables, and apples.
d. Contains a number of sugars in its backbone and side chains. Some are water soluble
and some are insoluble; found in bran and whole grains.
e. A group of polysaccharides with galacturonic acid as a primary constituent. It is
soluble and gel forming; plentiful in many fruits.
Synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin?
a. pyridoxal phosphate
b. pantothenic acid
c. vitamin E
d. folic acid
Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of _____.
a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. fats
d. vitamins
Gastric lipase is important for the suckling infant for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT:
a. It can readily penetrate milk fat globules without bile salt stabilization.
b. It hydrolyzes short-chain fatty acids from the sn-3 position.
c. It requires an alkaline environment for optimal activity.
d. It is highly stable in an acid environment.
Three important enzymes remove ammonia from body cells. One is carbamoyl
phosphate synthestase I. The other two are:
a. branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase and phenylalanine hydroxylase.
b. alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase.
c. glutaminase and threonine dehydratase.
d. glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase.
Muscle lactate is converted to glucose in the liver and returned to the muscle by means
of the _____.
a. malate-aspartate shuttle
b. electron transport chain
c. Cori cycle
d. pentose phosphate pathway
Which mineral facilitates transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain?
a. calcium
b. nickel
c. zinc
d. iron
Zwitterions are amino acids that have no net electrical charge because
a. their side chains are not charged.
b. they migrate to a neutral place in an electrical field.
c. they are essential/indispensable.
d. they have an amino group in their side chain.
Of the 3 short-chain fatty acids created by gut bacteria, which one is the preferred
energy source for colonic epithelial cells?
a. butyric acid
b. acetic acid
c. propionic acid
d. oleic acid
Which body component comprises more diverse tissues?
a. lean body mass
b. fat mass
Which regulatory peptide synthesized in the pancreatic and intestinal cells appears to
inhibit release of gastrin, secretin, and motilin?
a. neurotensin
b. GRP
c. insulin
d. somatastatin
What percentage of blood volume is circulated through the kidneys?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%
Choose the phrase which best explains the following statement: “β-carotene is no magic
bullet.”
a. β-carotene does not decrease the reactivity of singlet oxygen molecules.
b. β-carotene is not the only health-promoting molecule in fruits and vegetables.
c. β-carotene supplements cannot be manufactured cheaply enough.
d. β-carotene can replace vitamin E in terminating the auto-oxidation of fatty acids.
A food may be labeled “low sodium” if each serving provides
a. less than 5 mg.
b. less than 35 mg.
c. less than140 mg.
d. less than 240 mg.
What two major systems are used for protein degradation in most cells?
a. mitochondrial and cytosolic
b. u-calpain and m-calpain
c. GTP-requiring and GTP-independent
d. lysosomal and ubiquitin-proteosomal
What ultratrace element has been shown to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase function and the
absorption of amino acids at higher concentrations?
a. vanadium
b. arsenic
c. cobalt
d. boron
One of the more common ways to evaluate protein quality in a food that does not
involve nitrogen balance studies is:
a. chemical score.
b. net dietary protein calories percentage.
c. biological value.
d. net protein utilization.
Which fat-soluble vitamin appears to operate as a coenzyme that modifies proteins to
bind with calcium?
a. A
b. β-carotene
c. E
d. K
Within the lamina propria, lying just below the epithelium, is the mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue, which
a. controls secretions from the mucosal glands.
b. contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms.
c. initiates peristalsis.
d. secretes mucus, hormones and digestive juices into the lumen.
The neuronal network system located in the submucosa (plexus of Meissner) controls:
a. peristalsis and local blood flow.
b. ileal secretions and gastric motility.
c. frequency and strength of gastric muscle contractions.
d. gastrointestinal secretions and local blood flow.
What percentage of resting energy expenditure is attributed to protein synthesis and
degradation?
a. 9%
b. 10-25%
c. 30-40%
d. 45-55%