What is the primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for
synthesis of protein, providing about 50% of the liver energy needs after a meal?
a. oxidation
b. decarboxylation
c. phosphorylation
d. hydrogenation
What are two major components implicated in the mechanism of atherogenesis?
a. growth factors and HDL
b. enterocytes and endothelial cells
c. inflammation and serum lipids
d. primarily VLDL and IDL
B6-dependent transamination reactions are important in which process?
a. glyconeogenesis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. heme synthesis
d. more than one of the above
In the human, most triacylglyerols are synthesized by the
a. adipose tissue.
b. heart.
c. liver.
d. brain.
Match the enzymes with their functions in lipid metabolism.
Enzyme
1) lipoprotein lipase
2) intracellular lipase
3) HMG-CoA reductase
4) cyclo-oxygenase
5) desaturase
Function
a. creates a double bond in a fatty acid b. removes triacylglycerol from plasma c.
mobilizes stored triacylglycerols from adipocytes d. rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol
synthesis e. creates prostaglandins
Which of the following foods is associated with reduced blood pressure?
a. sugar
b. alcohol
c. red meat
d. nuts
Describe the female athlete triad.
What is the most important unsaturated fatty acid serving as a precursor for eicosanoid
synthesis?
a. arachidonic acid
b. palmitoleic acid
c. oleic acid
d. erucic acid
Which of the following is a nitrogen-containing, non-protein compound that performs
an important function in the body?
a. glutathione
b. methionine
c. pepsin
d. actin
Two hormones that stimulate glycogenolysis in the muscle and liver, respectively, are
_____.
a. cortisol and epinephrine
b. epinephrine and glucagon
c. insulin and epinephrine
d. glucagon and insulin
Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid?
a. intracellular
b. extracellular
c. total body water
d. glomerular filtrate
The vitamin D response element (VDRE) is found
a. on the enterocyte membrane.
b. on the renal tubule.
c. in the nucleus.
d. in the pancreatic duct cell.
What % of vitamin D from the diet is absorbed?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
Who discovered vitamin E?
a. Evans and Bishop
b. McCollum and Davis
c. Mellanby and Hopkins
d. Simon and Garfunkel
What is the primary communication system that assesses the body’s status in relation to
its environment and relays appropriate commands to tissues/ organs?
a. endocrine system
b. nervous system
c. vascular system
d. respiratory system
Highly specialized membrane proteins that modify the cell’s response to its environment
are _____.
a. transport proteins
b. enzymes
c. receptors
d. peroxisomes
The Golgi apparatus is prominent in neurons and secretory cells and functions
a. to stop the synthesis of proteins that may need carbohydrate additions.
b. to add polysaccharide or lipid moieties to polypeptides.
c. only for constitutive secretion of proteins.
d. only for regulated secretion of proteins.
The primary physiological role of which mineral is as a constituent in the thyroid
hormones?
a. fluorine
b. iodine
c. selenium
d. chromium
Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and
volume?
a. hypothalamus and kidney
b. liver and pancreas
c. pancreas and kidney
d. spleen and bone marrow
The degradation of _____ provides the majority of one-carbon groups for pyrimidine
synthesis. In this process _____ is formed.
a. methionine, tetrahydrofolate
b. serine, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate
c. uridine, tetrahydrofolate
d. homocysteine, 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate
A primary function of vitamin C is to act as an:
a. antiviral agent.
b. antioxidant.
c. antirachitic agent.
d. acyl transferase.
Hemoglobin and hematocrit are common measurements for assessment of nutriture for
which mineral?
a. iodine
b. zinc
c. chromium
d. iron
In the _____ galactose is eventually converted to _____.
a. hepatocyte, glucose
b. Kupffer cell, fructose
c. enterocyte, glucose
d. chylomicron, glucose
Which mineral is thought to potentiate the action of insulin?
a. chromium
b. manganese
c. copper
d. cobalt
What foods are rich sources of silicon?
a. whole grains and root vegetables
b. coffee and beer
c. milk and milk products
d. meats, poultry, and fish
Which three amino acids cannot undergo transamination to an appreciable extent,
making provision of their alpha-keto acids ineffective in lowering blood nitrogen
concentrations in kidney disease patients?
a. leucine, isoleucine, valine
b. lysine, threonine, histidine
c. valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine
d. methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine
Lp(a) is a genetic variant of _____; its presence _____ a genetic predisposition to heart
disease.
a. LDL, increases
b. HDL, decreases
c. LDL, decreases
d. HDL, increases
Tetrahydrofolate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer and
knowledge of this need is used in cancer treatment by giving the drug methotrexate to
inhibit the enzyme _____.
a. folylpolyglutamate synthetase
b. dihydrofolate reductase
c. formimino glutamate
d. conjugase
In what part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
a. mitochondrion
b. cytosol
c. nucleus
d. endoplasmic reticulum
A particular amino acid is very important for several metabolic pathways in enterocytes
and so it is often added to nutritional mixtures used for hospitalized patients. The
important amino acid is
a. tryptophan.
b. glutamine.
c. glycine.
d. asparagine.
Describe how the effects of anorexia nervosa are similar to the effects of starvation.
Absorption of dietary iron is regulated by _____, produced by the liver when iron stores
are high and released to the blood to act at the surface of enterocytes and macrophages.
a. hepcidin
b. hepaestin
c. ferroportin
d. hemoglobin
Gluconeogenesis is essentially the reversal of which pathway?
a. glycogenesis
b. glycolysis
c. TCA cycle
d. lipogenesis