Three short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon
are _____.
a. lactate, sodium acetate, and carbon dioxide
b. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci
c. methane, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen
d. acetic, propionic, and butyric
Which of the following lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol to tissues for use
in construction of membranes or steroid hormones?
a. VLDL
b. HDL
c. LDL
d. chylomicrons
All of the following are functions of apolipoproteins EXCEPT:
a. stimulating enzymatic reactions that regulate the metabolic functions of lipoproteins.
b. stabilizing circulating lipoproteins in the blood.
c. decreasing the density of the lipoprotein.
d. conferring specificity for recognition by receptors on cells.
The total bile acid pool in the human body is 2.5 to 5 g. What percentage of bile is
reabsorbed in the ileum?
a. 10%
b. 30%
c. 65%
d. 90%
Discuss the benefits of fermentable fibers in terms of the production of short-chain fatty
acids.
Which of the following represents a BMI range considered to be healthy for most adult
men and women?
a. 10-14
b. 15-18
c. 19-24
d. 25-30
What is the primary noncarbohydrate component of fiber?
a. gums
b. hemicellulose
c. lignin
d. cellulose
Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the _____.
a. canaliculi
b. common bile duct
c. hepatocytes
d. gallbladder
The primary stimulus for glucagon secretion is
a. alanine.
b. glucose.
c. cortisol.
d. epinephrine.
Water accounts for what percentage of the body weight in a normal adult?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
When water-soluble vitamins are consumed in excess of body needs, generally the
excess is:
a. excreted in the feces.
b. stored in liver, bone, and adipose tissue.
c. excreted in the urine.
d. not absorbed.
When fructose-sweetened beverages are consumed in research studies, plasma
triglycerides levels are:
a. always elevated.
b. sometimes elevated.
c. never elevated.
d. elevated only in women.
Which stage of swallowing moves structures of the mouth and throat to avoid the
aspiration of food?
a. oral stage
b. pharyngeal stage
c. esophageal stage
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
High circulating levels of homocysteine (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia) have been
implicated in a number of pathologies including cardiovascular disease.
Choose the list of molecules that would be found in a micelle.
a. vitamin A (retinol), glycerol, 2-monoacylglycerols, linolenic acid
b. glycerol, butyric acid, cholesterol, 2-monoacylglycerols
c. linolenic acid, 2-monoacylglycerols, cholesterol, vitamin D
d. fructose, glucose, glycerol, vitamin A
Which process gives the body the capacity to maintain constancy in the internal
environment?
a. osmotic pressure
b. osmolality
c. homeostasis
d. acid-base balance
The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in _____ is believed to be the reason that
people with scurvy have no energy and are very tired.
a. collagen synthesis
b. creatine synthesis
c. hormone activation
d. carnitine synthesis
The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile
into the duodenum is _____.
a. gastrin
b. secretin
c. cholecystokinin
d. GRP
What is important in antioxidant DEFENSE?
a. iron
b. superoxide dismutase (SOD)
c. glutathione
d. more than one of these
e. all three of these
Which mineral is an essential factor in the action of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in
the reduction of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide?
a. molybdenum
b. selenium
c. silicon
d. vanadium
Due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which tissue capable of
glycogenesis cannot contribute to blood glucose levels between meals?
a. liver
b. muscle
c. brain
d. kidney
When ascorbic acid becomes dehydroascorbic acid it has _____.
a. lost 2 electrons
b. lost 1 electron
c. gained 2 electrons
d. gained 1 electron
What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular
potassium is increased?
a. hypernatremia
b. hypokalemia
c. hyperkalemia
d. hyponatremia
Which of the following peptides stimulates appetite?
a. bombesin
b. ghrelin
c. leptin
d. cholecystokinin
What are some products of the reaction catalyzed by pancreatic lipase?
a. 2-monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids
b. free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol
c. 2-monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids, phospholipids
d. free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesteryl esters
Using, 2 high-energy bonds, arginosuccinate synthetase joins aspartate and citrulline to
produce arginosuccinate in the cytosol. This is the rate-limiting step in _____ synthesis.
a. pyrimadine
b. purine
c. urea
d. creatine
The quantity of energy released in an exothermic reaction is _____ the quantity
required for the reverse endothermic reaction.
a. the same as
b. greater than
c. less than
d. not related to
The volume of a normal stomach ranges from 50 mL (~2 oz) when empty to _____
when full.
a. 100 mL (~4 oz)
b. 250 mL (~1 cup)
c. 750 mL (~3 cups)
d. 1.5 L (~ 6 cups)
Which ultratrace element affects the composition, structure, and strength of bones as
well as cell membrane stability and inflammation?
a. vanadium
b. cobalt
c. arsenic
d. boron
Dietary fibers are mainly provided by
a. proteins that have been heated with sugars.
b. plant cell walls.
c. chitin and chitosan.
d. plant gums.
What are the components that make up fermentable dietary fiber and in what foods are
each found?
The continuation of the Kreb’s cycle is ensured by the replenishment of oxaloacetate,
which is formed by the carboxylation of _____ with a biotin-containing coenzyme,
_____.
Match each mineral with a representative enzyme and the functional system for which
that mineral is important.
Mineral
1) iron
2) zinc
3) copper
4) selenium
5) manganese
Enzyme and Functional System
a. superoxide dismutase and protection of mitochondrial integrity
b. myeloperoxidase and immune function
c. carbonic anhydrase and respiration
d. dopamine monooxygenase and nerve function
e. glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
Neural and hormonal events affect the activities of the GI tract. These can be classified
as stimulatory or inhibitory. For questions 56-62, choose “a” if the action described is
stimulatory and “b” if it is inhibitory.CCK on pancreatic zymogen release
Bariatric surgery involves removal or bypass of a large portion of the stomach.
Speculate on how the production of ghrelin following bariatric surgery might affect
appetite and explain your reasoning.
Choose THREE (3) of the following terms and in ONE SENTENCE per term, provide a
concise definition of that term: nucleus, mitochondria, RER, transcription, translation,
apoptosis, replication.
Describe the effect of starvation on immunological defense/barriers in the
gastrointestinal tract and the possible consequences.
Explain the concept of the first limiting amino acid in a protein and how this concept
might be used to ensure adequate protein nutriture.
The only test that will differentiate between a folic acid and cobalamin deficiency is the
determination of the urinary metabolite _____, which is due to a lack of the coenzyme
_____.
Discuss the four significant characteristics of dietary fiber that affect its physiological
and metabolic roles.
Discuss the role of high-fat foods, chocolates, peppermint, and smoking in
gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Discuss three things that cannot be correct in the notation 18:2Δ8,9,19 when using the
delta system of designating fatty acids.1
Discuss the role of calcitonin in maintaining normal blood calcium concentration.
Dehydration of just 2% can impair endurance performance. Briefly explain why.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
The active form of a vitamin is usually the form that has the greatest bioavailability.
Describe the process of fat storage (triacylglycerol synthesis) AND mobilization
(triacylglycerol lipolysis) in adipose tissuebe sure to include how these processes are
regulated (i.e., the signals involved).
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If the statement is false, explain why it is
false.
All three forms of vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) are stored in the liver as
retinyl esters.
What associations have been found between high fiber intake and obesity? What
mechanisms may be at work? How clear/consistent is the evidence?