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Computer worms are similar to viruses except that they use computer networks or the Internet to do what? a. ‘swat” or ‘shoplist” merchandise b. “rip” or “crack” security codes c. crash websites d. self-replicate Errors in cognition and information processing […]

Which crime prevention programs focus on reducing recidivism rates? a. primary prevention programs b. secondary prevention programs c. tertiary prevention programs d. reactive prevention programs According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, there are almost _____ rapes and attempted each […]

Who is most likely to engage in workplace violence? a. a middle-aged white female facing termination b. a middle-aged white male facing termination c. a middle-aged minority female facing termination d. a middle-aged minority male facing termination Information technology (IT) […]

Empirical examinations of power-control theory find that girls who grow up in egalitarian families are more likely to be delinquent than girls who grow up in paternalistic families. Females are more likely than men to be victims of sexual assaults. […]

Rather than punishment and prison, peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as: a. mediation and conflict resolution b. counseling and probation c. stigmatization and deterrence d. fines and detention Systematic theft of company property by employees is common and is called: […]

The link between substance abuse and violence appears in three different formats. The format or concept of _________ _________ reflects the violent behavior that results from gang conflict inherent in the drug trade. As a group, _________ move freely in […]

Except for the crimes of _________ or _________ _________, males are more likely than females to be victims of crime. The _________ _________ _________ is sometimes used to justify torture. Answer: ticking bomb scenario _________ _________ involves norm violations or […]

If a youth experiences physical abuse, which type of strain did the youth experience according to general strain theory? a. achievement of positively valued goals b. disjunction of expectations and achievements c. removal of positively valued stimuli d. presentation of […]

Is the death penalty an effective deterrent? Why or why not? The _________ view of crime traces its antecedents to the symbolic interaction school of sociology. Answer: interactionist Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is organized into a plurality of […]

Life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime are known as: a. developmental shifts b. transition events c. key spots d. turning points While outwardly considered the most irrational of offenders, serials murders are considered rational killers because: […]

Some paraphilias’ activities are out of the law’s reach. _________ _________ occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label. Answer: Secondary deviance Define and explain the differences […]

Observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, over time, is termed: a. sampling b. cross-sectional research c. meta-analysis d. cohort research What is known regarding repeat victimization/chronic victimization? a. Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous […]

Discuss Lombroso’s explanation for criminal behavior and what he contributed to modern criminology. During the _________ stage of the violentization process, a young victim develops a belligerent, angry demeanor as a result of being mistreated by abusive parents and caretakers. […]

The availability of government and foundation research money has spurred criminological inquiry and it has also influenced the _______ of research. a. supervision b. management c. conducting d. direction Which technique of neutralization refers to youths denying that they are […]

Embezzlement is distinguished from fraud on the basis of: a. whether the act occurred against an organization or an individual b. the number of actors “working the scheme” c. the dollar value of what was taken and the absence of […]

Observed phenomena that can be quantified and measured is _________ _________ . Some critics are concerned that IT can compromise the _________ and _________ of U.S. citizens who have not engaged in criminal activity. Answer: privacy, liberty Children suffering from […]

Which scheme involves private investors only taking high wealth clients? a. investment embezzlement b. advanced fee scheme c. prime bank investment fraud d. hedge fund fraud Elderly individuals are more likely than younger individuals to be victims of which type […]

It is illegal to possess animated depictions of child pornography even though they do not contain any pictures of real children. Deviant behavior is behavior that departs from social norms. Answer: T Most reported crimes occur during the holidays in […]

The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods that exceed wages in value is known as: a. surplus profit b. surplus value c. surplus efficiency d. surplus production If a juvenile joins a gang where he achieves […]

The Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report. Restorative justice discourages the involvement of the community in criminal punishments. Answer: F _________________ are acts of violence designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal. Answer: […]

What is anomie, and what are the conditions that cause anomie? What is the relationship between race and crime? How is this relationship explained? Answer: Official crime data indicate that minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of […]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s _________ _________ _________ is the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics. Social process theories hold that criminality is a function of human _________. Answer: socialization The defensive use of guns […]

Criminals have a greater likelihood of being victims than noncriminals. Identify the biochemical conditions that may lead to antisocial behavior and crime and why these conditions do so. Answer: According to biochemical criminologists things such as maternal smoking and drinking, […]

British philosopher Jeremy Bentham wrote the book On Crimes and Punishment from which the Classical School was developed. In spite of its reauthorization in 2006, many civil libertarians express concerns about the USA Patriot Act and its ability to erode […]

While politically appealing, controlling sex for profit is difficult because: a. Cyber forms of sex-related crimes are immune from prosecution. b. Right-wing zealots decry any attempt to constrain free speech. c. The Supreme Court holds that prostitution falls under constitutional […]

Individuals who have been crime victims maintain a significantly higher chance of future victimization than people who have remained nonvictims. Criminal techniques are learned including the motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes associated with crime. Answer: T If a crime is […]

Drug use is not a new concept. Smoking the extract from seeds of the _________ _________, known as “the plant of joy,” was practiced 5,000 years ago. Chronic offenders typically start offending at an older age. Answer: F According to […]

Define the three types of inchoate offenses and distinguish between them. Negative labels, such as being called a troublemaker, stigmatize the recipients of these labels and reduce their self-image. Those who accept or internalize these labels are more prone to […]

Which of the following is paying for nonmarital sex? a. transvestite fetishism b. prostitution c. pedophilia d. paraphilia The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to ____, who researched the life cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s. a. […]

A renewal stage in which obsolete housing is replaced and upgraded is known as: a. gentrification b. turnover c. transition d. organizational Richard Quinney’s theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known […]

The intent to commit the criminal act is known as: a. mens rea b. actus reus c. mala in se d. mala prohibitum What aspect of research may be questioned if studies are funded by organizations that have a vested […]

Terrorists groups have used the Internet to fund their operations. How is such funding accomplished? a. through fraudulent charitable organizations b. through bogus or ‘shell” companies c. through intellectual property crime d. Terrorist groups achieve funding via all these mechanisms. […]

The first scientific studies of criminology that applied the positivist model were conducted by _________. Bank fraud can encompass such diverse schemes as check kiting, check forgery, false statements on loan applications, sale of stolen checks, bank credit card fraud, […]

Explain the elements of general deterrence. Be sure to discuss the importance of perceived punishment. _________ _________are not professional criminals. They are amateur criminals whose decision to steal is spontaneous and whose acts are unskilled, unplanned, and haphazard. Answer: Occasional […]

Which scheme involves telling victims that certain financial instruments have been issued by legitimate organization and investments are high payoff and low risks? a. investment embezzlement b. advanced fee scheme c. prime bank investment fraud d. hedge fund fraud Which […]