Embezzlement is distinguished from fraud on the basis of:
a. whether the act occurred against an organization or an individual
b. the number of actors “working the scheme”
c. the dollar value of what was taken and the absence of using a weapon to perpetrate
the criminal act
d. when the criminal intent was formed and that a serious breach of trust has taken place
Which of the following groups has the lowest level of income?
a. White
b. Hispanic
c. Asian
d. African American
Which of the following rights in not generally contained within states’ victims’ rights
legislation?
a. the right to be present at criminal justice proceedings
b. the right to be protected from media coverage
c. the right to be notified of proceedings and the status of the defendant
d. the right to make a statement at sentencing, and to receive restitution from a
convicted offender
Restorative processes generally include which basic elements?
a. asking the offender to accept responsibility
b. a determination of community support and assistance for both the victim and
offender
c. turning the justice system into a healing process
d. all are elements of restorative processes.
The pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates
to physical fighting and violence is known as:
a. the power pathway
b. the authority conflict pathway
c. the overt pathway
d. the covert pathway
For members of this movement, the main purpose of criminology is to promote a
peaceful and just society.
a. peacemaking
b. left realism
c. postmodernism
d. globalization
Policy experts suggest that an effective way to deal with terrorism is to:
a. Increase military presence in countries known to harbor terrorists.
b. Undermine support for terrorism by being a benevolent nation-builder that gives aid
to nations housing terror groups.
c. Cut terrorist access to the internet and other forms of communications and message
dissemination.
d. Make greater use of military law to convict and sentence apprehended terrorists.
What is known to be true regarding marital rape?
a. Many spousal rapes are accompanied by brutal, sadistic beatings.
b. When marital rapists are convicted, they are sanctioned more harshly than those
accused of nonmarital sexual assaults.
c. Today, only three states recognize marital rape as a crime.
d. Instances of marital rape tend to be isolated, one-time events.
Research on differential association theory finds that having delinquent friends:
a. has no effect on delinquency.
b. decreases the likelihood of delinquency
c. increases the likelihood of having non-delinquent friends
d. increases the likelihood of delinquency
Most nave check forgers come from ____ backgrounds and have little identification
with a criminal subculture.
a. lower-class
b. middle-class
c. upper-class
d. poverty-level
In debating the issue of legislating morality, Joseph Gusfield argues that the purpose of
outlawing immoral acts is to show the ______ of those who condemn the acts over
those who partake of them.
a. social superiority
b. political superiority
c. economic superiority
d. moral superiority
Which goal of political criminals are motivated by altruism and truly believe their
crimes will benefit society and are willing to violate the law and risk punishment in
order to achieve what they see as social improvement?
a. revolution
b. pseudo-conviction
c. conviction
d. revolution
What percentage of web sites offering controlled prescription drugs require that a
prescription be faxed or mailed or that the patient’s doctor be contacted for a
prescription?
a. 16 percent
b. 36 percent
c. 56 percent
d. 76 percent
Referring to the relationship between marital status and victimization, who is least
likely to become a crime victim?
a. someone who is married
b. someone who has never married
c. someone who is divorced
d. someone who is a widow
An effort to prohibit the sale of liquor in the United States that resulted in the passage
of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution in 1919 is known as the:
a. anti-alcohol movement
b. bootleg war
c. alcohol prevention act
d. temperance movement
What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?
a. The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months.
b. Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the
time the child reaches adulthood.
c. The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may be
long-term, lasting long after the incident is over and the justice process has been
forgotten.
d. Children are resilient and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of
victimization, is short-term.
According to life course theories, over time individuals’ behaviors will:
a. stay the same.
b. get worse.
c. get better.
d. change directions.
Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoing by maintaining that the victim of crime
“had it coming.” This is known as:
a. denial of responsibility
b. denial of injury
c. denial of
d. condemnation of the condemners
A survey conducted by the National White Collar Crime Center found that victims of
white collar crimes are typically:
a. Black males who are poor
b. White females who are poor
c. Elderly females with high incomes
d. White males with high incomes
When a business owner burns his or her property, or hires someone to do it, to escape
financial problems is known as:
a. arson fraud
b. revenge arson
c. arson for profit
d. situational arson
According to Matza, ___ refers to the process of moving from one extreme of behavior
to another. Further, this helps to explain why a youth’s behavior may be law abiding
sometimes and deviant at other times.
a. anomie
b. drift
c. strain
d. dramatization
A successful fence must meet which of the following conditions?
a. upfront cash
b. complicity with law enforcers
c. connections with buyers
d. all of the these
Which theory states the relationship between law and capitalism is unidirectional?
a. critical feminist theory
b. instrumental critical theory
c. power-control theory
d. structural critical theory
When researchers want a snapshot of what is going on at one point in time they conduct
________ research.
a. longitudinal
b. cross-sectional
c. aggregate data
d. analysis
Which of the following is a public-order crime?
a. rape
b. petty theft
c. prostitution
d. murder
Violence acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal are
known as:
a. instrumental violence
b. expressive violence
c. rational violence
d. irrational violence
Most terrorist organizations operate:
a. in terror cells.
b. together in a centralized location.
c. across a small geographical area.
d. in the same pod.
Which of the following is a distinction between terrorists and insurgents?
a. a significant portion of the population
b. a country or region’s military forces
c. rural guerillas and their militias
d. religious leaders favorable to their cause
According to research on persistence patterns, _______ traits rather than environmental
traits seem to have the greatest influence on life course persistence.
a. social
b. individual
c. economic
d. family
The “known group” method is employed to validate self-report data.
In his general theory of crime and delinquency, Agnew states that crime and social
relations are:
a. reciprocal
b. distinct
c. interactional
d. developmental
Although it is difficult to estimate, criminologists estimate that a criminal costs society
approximately ________ .
a. $35,000
b. $27,000
c. $1,000,000
d. $2,000,000
Identify the community-level factors that are associated with fear and describe how
these factors contribute to the level of fear in a neighborhood.
Mainstream criminologists have criticized critical criminology claiming:
a. Critical criminology is “hot air, heat, but no real light.”
b. Critical criminology simply rehashes the old tradition of helping the underdog.
c. Critical criminology refuses to address the problems and conflicts that exist in
socialist countries.
d. Mainstream criminologists have put forth all these criticisms.
_________ _________is the philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the
rights of others deserve to be punished.
Heels are professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen
merchandise to pawnshops or fences.
Children with ADHD are more likely to use drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes in
adolescence, to be arrested, to be charged with a felony, and to have multiple arrests.
Persistent offenders are referred to as _________ _________ or _________ _________.
_________ political criminals plot to overthrow the existing government and replace it
with one that holds views they find more acceptable
_________ _________ involves the killing three or more persons in three or more
separate events. In between the murders, the killer reverts to his/her normal lifestyle.
Elderly individuals are more likely to be the victims of violent crimes than younger
people
Many offenders feel free to engage in business crime because they can easily rationalize
its effects.
Discuss lifestyle theory and how it increases one’s risk of being victimized. Include in
your response how the variables of age and marital status contribute to lifestyle theory.
Explain how social disorganization and strain tie into cultural deviance theory.
Explain how white-collar crime and green-collar crime are linked.
_________ ____________ theory focuses on the structure and organization within the
urban environment that affect crime rates.
Discuss the history of development theory.
When speaking of the relationship between victims and their criminals, victims report
that most crimes are committed by a single offender over age 20.